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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 p ILLUS I WIT ' \ ; r '^ ;. — ->, B n A n Y^ THE PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE WAR OE 1812; OR, ILLUSTRATIONS, BY PEN AND PENCIL, OF THE HISTORY, BIOG- RAPHY, SCENERY, RELICS, AND TRADITIONS OF THE LAST WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. ill: f BY BENSON J.LOSSING. WITH SEVERAL IITrNDRED EXaKAYINGS OX WOOD, BY LOSSING AXD BARKITT, CHIEFLY FROM ORIGINAL SKETCHES BY THE AUTHOR. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 186 8. V Entered, nrcordin,. to Aet of Congress, in the year 18G8, l,y Haupkh cV: Buotiikks, In the Clerk-s Office of the District Court of tlie Ui District of Atw York. Suited States for the Southern more tha and i)eiici 1812, froi ; Meeting of llic ( onvcntioTi, •_'(!; TrocecdinKs of ilic Convention to foi'in M Nationiil ( 'onstitntion, L'7 ;>- ; IJiititiiiitioii of the Constitution ; its Opponents, Ji.'i ; the KstiiU- lishnieiit of a Nation, M. CIIAI'TKR II. i:vi;nts in thk noutiiwkstkun TEHntTouv. Fonndntions of Govcnimpnt in the Wilderness, .'!,") ; the Northwestern Territory ; Settlements there, .Iti-DT ; the Iiuli;ins iinil their ISriiisii AHies, lis ; Couneils with tile [ndiiins, ;!!l ; Hritish Intri>jnes and Indian Hostilities, 10; Expedition against the Indians in the Ohio Country, U ; liattle on the Mautnee, 12; \'isit to the I'Ince of ( 'onlliet, 1;>-I4 ; Ivxpeditions of Scott and Wilkinson, l") ; Kort'^ liiiilt in the Wil- derness, HI ; St.Cla.r's l-Apcdition, 17 ; his Mattle with the Indians and Defeat, IS; how Washinj^ton re- ceived the News of St. Clair's Defeat. !!• ; his Justice and (ienerosily ; Wayne's Kx]iediti()n, ."iO ; Inter- ference of Hritish Otlicials, ."-I ; the Hrilisii and Inilians in aimed Alliance, '>'2 ; Wayne's K.xpeditiun down the Maiiniee, '>'.'>, 54 ; Defeat of the Indians and treaty of Greenville, !>,'), aU. CIIAPTKIl III. KSTAIil.ISirMKNT OK Till; NATIONAL GOVKRNMENT. The national Tolicy and I'ower indicated, ."iS ; Helations with France and F-n^land, Til) ; rcvolutionaiy Movements in France, (Kl, (il ; diplomatic Intercourse with (ireat Hritain and S|)ain, (i'J ; Discourtesy of the Hiitish (iovernnient ; mistaken Views concerning the American (ioveriiment, (ill; Acts in relation to the I'uhlic Delit, (14; Hamilton's tinancial Scheme; C'urreucy, (i.") ; JeH'erson's Disappoiiitment and Sus- jiicions, (i(! ; I'rogreis of the French Kevolution, (17; the ]i()litieal and religious Views of .letferson and Adams, (IS ; Deinoeracy in Fngland, (lit ; Adams's Scheme of (ioveriiment ; .letferson's Disgust and un- generous Sus|)icioiis, 70; I'aiue's /\ii//its a/' Mmi ; a News])a])er War, 71 ; the Fediraf and /i(/>iili/inni Parties formed. 72; Sympathy with the French lievolutionists, 7;?; Lafayette, 74; Monarchy in FYanee overthrown, 7."i ; the National Convention; Fxecutioii of the; King, 7(i ; Minister from the French l{o- ))ulilic, 77 ; Washington's I'roclaniation of Neutrality, 78. CllAI'TEIl IV. FOlilClON I!i:i.ATION8 AND nOMKSTIC rOI-ITirS. "Citizen nenet" and his l^eception hy his jiolitical Admirers, 7!> ; his first Inter^•iew with Washington ; iMithusiasm of the liepidilicans, sO ; the American and the French Kevolution eom])ared, 81 ; (!enet de- fies the American (ioveriiment, S2 ; he is recalled ; Ids Successor, Ki ; Hritish " Hides" and '• Orders in Council;" .\rmed Neutrality, S4 ; Hritish Iin]a'essmeiit of American Seamen, 8,1; Jay's Treaty with (ireat Hritain, S(l ; Opposition to the Treaty, S7; the Whisky Insurrection ; Democratic Societies, 88; DilKculties with Algiers, 8'.» ; an American Navy rerominended, 1)0 ; Constrnetion of a Navy; I'nfriend- liiiess of the French Directory, lU ; Struggle lietween the Heiaihlieans and Federalists for jiolitical I'ower; Adams elected President, H'J ; ojien Hupture hetween France and the I'nited States threiitened, lU? ; Mad- ness of Partisans, 114; Aggressions of the E'rencli Directory,!),"); Pre]iaratioiis for War with France; Action in New York, 1)(! ; History of the Songs " Hail, Coliimhia 1" and " Adams and Liherty," U7. CHAPTER V. WAR ON TIIK OCKAN, — I'OI.ITICAL STRI'OOLKS. ' Washington appointed to the Command of the Army; Hamilton acting General-in-ehief, 98; Envoys ex- traordinary sent to France, DD ; Honajiarte in Power; American War-vessels afloat, 100; Pritish Out- rages; OI)se(piioiisiiess of the American (ioveriiment, 102; naval iMigagements, lO:!; American Cruisers in the West Indies, 104 ; Truxtun's Victory; Honors to the Victor, 10."); Peace; Divisions in the Fed- eral Party, I0(>; Inirigues against Adams; Alien and Sedition Laws; Nullification Doctrines ]mt forth, 107; State .Supremacy asserted; .lellerson elected President, 108 ; ISIortitication of the Federalists; Death of Washington, lO'J ; a puhlie Funeral, 110; Washington's Person and Character, 111. IV CON T K N T 8. CIIAITKU VI. mFFi('ir.Tit.H WITH Tin: maiimaiiv I'owi.iim.— i:n(!i.am> anm iiiavci; at waii. II )imimrfo'H Cnrc.T iiiul liillciciic", 111.': (»lpsc.|ui()ii.«.iiess ..f i;iiKli>liiii<«n, I Ul ; HcjfiimiiiK olMolliTson's Ail- .ni'iHlnitinn : llic Nnt .1 CapitMl, III ; .I.^m-.-soii's l>.,lir.v ; |,„liti.'iii 'n.s.nplh.M, 1 1,", ; the Navy re- (liiird I Ml- ('npliiiii IliiiiiliiidKf. ll"' l>''v "f AIkIit-, and llu' Siiltaii, II. ; IiimpIcimi' and Kxactmns ot ihi' liinl i\ fillers. IIS; Aiiicncaii Niivv in ilic .Mcditi'iraiioan >cii and its Opcniliuns, I 111 I'JO; llom- IriidMirM (il'riijruli, IlM ; D.'-triictioinil'ilic /'A;/-aA//'/«r(, IL'-': DoMnuti.m .d' llic /ntn/,1,1: ll.ni.irs ti) ( oMiiiKiduic I'rc'Mi', li.';i ; Cciiiminildrc llamm's Si|i)adinii in llio Mi'diicniincMU, I'.M ; I'.atim's Kxpcdi- lion in Noithcrn AlVica; l!i'>|ii'(t of ilic llail.aiy I'oufi^ I'-i' llui AnuTiiaii FlaK. lL'."> ; lionapnrtii and his Wclaiions wiili I'.auiiind, I-'ii; a I'lvniii Invasion ul' iliiKland ihuaii-ncd, I'.'T; ii Stm^'Klc lor p(diticul Suiacmacy ; lioMapiiitc ])roilainica Knipcior, I'M, Naiiolunn's liurliii Deirce, 1L".». CIIAITKU VII. KVKNTS Wi;sT <)l" Tin; AI.I.KOIIAMIKM. — SKAKCll AND IMI'IIKHSMKNT. OrL'ani/iitioii of new Stales, l.'Wl; Aniciiiaiis distuiliud l)y llic Ki'tfocossion of I,oiii>iana to Frniico, l.'U ; till' soiii't Di'si^'ns ot'llii' ialtiT, l:>- ; .li'Hi'isiai's I.cIIit and Itonaparlc's .NCccssily ; I'mcinise of I.nnisi- ana, i;i;i; KvciVts coiiiicclcd with tiic I'mchaso of Louisiana, liil ; the Drnd of Hamilton and liurr; the Acts of llni-r's political Associates, l;!."i; hi. ainhitions ."schemes; Ulennei'hassett ami Wilkinson. l.'Ki; Unit's Opeiatioas. 'Trial for 'IVe.ison. and Kxile, l.'iZ; Atiieiiean t nmineicial 'I'liiift and IJi ilisli Jeaicaisy, i;!S; Miiiish I'eilidv defended hy Iliiiish Writers. I.'il*; rn|)li'asaiil forei^;n lielalions. lid; .Mennirial ,of .Aierchaiits , I lii ; national Intle|iendence and Honor in I'eril, 117; .Minister ex- traordinary sent to Kiifilaiid, ll.s. , (iiArrF.K VIII. SEAliCU \NI> nirUfHSMIAT. — KMIlAKdO. — I'AliTY RPIItlT, Xcfrotiatiotis enncerninK the Impressment of ,\iiierican Seamen, 1 111; a Treaty a;:rccd to, Intt not rntified; War on the Administration, I.Mt, I,". 1 ; The Continental ."system of .Napoleon. I.M' ; Af,'),M-essions on Aiiier- iean Commerce and .Nentrality hy P'raiice and l'.nj,dand, l."i.'!; Napoleon's .Milan Decree and its Mtleets, liVt ; the .N'a\v and the (iini-lioat I'olicy, l."p."> : lirilish Crnisers in Aim'ricaii Waters. I.'itl ; the Affair of the C/ii. 111/11 ii/i'i, l.")7; the (lntraf,'e resented, l.'>S; Action of the American (iovernment. l.'iH; Action of tlie Mritish (iovermnent. Idd; fruitless .Mission ot a liritisli I'.nvoy. Idl; jiolitical ( oniplexion of the Tenth Congress: an l'',mhai'};o estahlished. Mil'; its Ktfects ; i'arty Spirit \iolently aroused. HI.'!; the Ktid)arKo \eheinenily deiiouiiceil, Kit ; the Urilish exact Trihiile from iieiiiral Nations, Ki.'i ; Danger!) of national \'atuty, IliU. CIIAI'TEU IX. WAK I!i;twi'.i;n' Tin. i'Mri:i) .srATi;s axi> ciiicat iiijitain Tm!i;ATf.Ni;i). I'rovisions for streiiKthetiinj,' tl .! American Navy, 1(17 ; (inii-hoats ; Opposition to ii Navy, KIS ; Uriti.sh op- ]iositioii to the Orders in Council, Kill; Napoleon's lilow at American Comtiieree; .Moililication of the Orders in C(Uincil, 170; Actions concerning the Ktuhargo, 171 ; Uisiinionists iti New Knf,'laiid, 172, 17.'! ; I".inliar},'() or War the jiroelaimed iVIternative, 171 ; Cottoti sMp]iose(l to lie the KiiiK of Commerce, 17."); .Iiist ArrangemeiUs for settlini; the Dillicnlties with (ireat Uriiain, 171!; the IJritisli (iovernment reimdi- ates the Acts of its Agent, 177; an ollensive Uritish .Minister sent to America. L'7S; the French Decrees iind ISritish Orders in Conncil, 1711; Kngland and I'lance refnse to he Ji.st IS; Action hetween the Prisidmi and l/itth: lUlt, IM; Tes- timony coiicorniug the Aliair, IS.") ; Coininodore Kodf^ers assailed and viniliealed, 1.SU. CHAl'TKR X. nosTit.iTn:s oi' Titi: Indians in tiik noutiiwkst. The Indian.i Territory and (iovernor Harrison, IS7 ; I'ritish F.nnssaries amon<; the Indians, 18S ; Teenm- tha and his Hrotlierthe I'rojjhet, ISli ; Indian Confederation jiroposed ; llairison denoiniees the Prophet, r.K); the Mission of .losepli IJarron, llU ; Tecnmtlia liefoie Harrison at Vincennes, lltL'; roving I'liin- (lerers; Tecnmtlia alarmed, lit:!; I'reparations for lighting the Indians, IHl ; Harrison marches iii) the Wahash with Troops; Deputation of friendly Indians, ll)."i ; \'isit of the Author to the Region of threat- ened Hostilities, IIM)- L'dd; Harrison aiijiroaches the I'ropliet's Town; the Indians alarmed, lidl ; Har- rison's Kneampment near the Tippecanoe, '.'01' ; tlu; Frojihet's Teaching, L'd.". ; Hattle of Tip])ecanoe, I'dl, L'O.") ; The I'rophet disgraced, L'dti ; Actors in the ISattle of TiiiiJOeaiioe, 2d7 ; Author's Visit to the Uat- tle-ground, 208, 201). CHArTFR XI. a AVAR SriniT AltOUSKD. — niiCI.AI! ATION Ol" ■\VAU AGAINST flUKAT IlKITAIN. The Twelfth Congress and its ComiKisition, 21(1; the President's feehle War-triini])et, 211 ; Chnrges against (ireat Rritaiii. 212; Action of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 21.'!; Alarm on Aecoimt of the Slaves, 211; R..iKlol]ih and Caihoiin in Congress, 2l."i; Policy of the Federalists, 2I(); I'atrit)tism of some of their Leaders, 217; Dehate concerning the Navy, 2IS; the Presiilent comiielled to adojit War !l\Ieasiires, 2111 ; a Rritish Emissary in New I'.ngland. 22d ; his Revelations and Rewards. 221 ; Action of the liritisli .Ministry on the Siihject, 222; a new Kmhargo Act, 22;!; delusive Hojies of Justice, 224; a ]irelii:iiiiary War Measnre. 22."i ; Report on the Causes of aial Reasons for War, 22(i ; Action of ( '.aigress on the .Suhjeet, 227; Declaration of War, 22s ; Protest of the iMinority in Congress against the Meas- ure. 2211 ; (>rgani/.ation of a I'eaee I'arty, 2;5(1 ; Pleasures for carrying on the War, 2151 ; inthlie Acts in oii|)osition to the War, 2o2. The Mrifish Frontier, : 2;tS 21(1; ernments < tional Rev the Siihjec LciidurH, 2 Ciinad.i to he Iliaii. 2.');! ; regular am Papers capi in I HI 2, 2(; War, 2(;i, : iiiiiw, 2(l,s, : ♦Vlarming Fae Invasion, 25 llorne at I5i train, 27H ; Disatl'eciioii tacking I let render, and siirrendi^rs t Incidents of render, and Character, 2 The Author's ,: eal Eoealitie of Detroit, :V ;id.'! ; an linl nitioiis of W Savages — Hr Massacre, .'tl on Fort Wav ai(>; Fort II The Natio'i aro Head of Ken Standard, ,'!2 commands thi IJe-enforceme through the \ tlior's Visit t( Indians in the Soldiers, .'i;i7. Harrison clicerf Army — the W of Colonel Wa ;il4 ; Services near the Missi the Maiimeo R Winchester ar F'renchtown, ,'J manity of the Massa'cre, ;i.")ll :?G1,;5(;2; liar CUNT K N T S. ; ngainst of the It ism of ])lit Wiir ition of |L".'4; a ,)11};tl'ss : Meas- lActs ill rilAITKK XII. IIKiilNNIM) (M iiii: w.xii or IS12. Tlio Urifisli HcRoncy — I'olitirnI AlVairs in Kiiro|n', 'JliU ; tlic 'I'l-uniw ami I-'oititlcations on tho Xorflicni Fronlii'i", L'.'M ; Soa-coast Di'li'iiscs of tiic I'liiti'il States, u'.'t.'i '.M.s ; Kulinn's 'l'or|«'il(ii's and their I'si's, lillS I'til; Kiihoii's Alitieiiiations, L'H ; I'.lteets nf ii I'ear of Torpeddes, L'l'-'; the Acticai nf Sinu! (iov- criiineiits eonccniir,!' tlie War, I'l.'l; |iiihlic KeehiiH in ( ainuhi, '_' 1 1 ; Sijfiis of I'arilinitiini. '_' I .; conili- tioiiiil lievncatiiiii i.. ihe ( triiers in Coiiniil, -Mii; haii^'iity As^unipliiiiis nf tlie Itritisii (invciMnieiit on tlie Saliject of Search ami lin|)risuiiiiiunt, '.'17 ; War inevitaliie and jiistiliiihlu, 2IH ; Ciioiee nf niihtarv Luadurh, i.'4'.i, :;,'>(). {'IIArTKK XIII. Itl'l.l/S t'AMl'AKlN ACAINST CANAIlA. ( 'anada to he invaded— Olijeet of tlie Invasion, '.'."I ; ( )r^'ani/,ali(ai of an Army in Oiiio — an iu'tiv(> Frontiorn- nian. 'J'i'.\ ; Author's ,) on nicy thrnnnh < )hiii, '.'"> I ; (leneral iiidi takes ( 'oniniand of ( tjiio X'ohniteers, ■.'■|."i ; re/^idar and \cilutileer Troops in the Wilderness, '.'."id ; llaH's Miireh to Detroit, l.'."i7; his l!an(j;ane and I'apers captured, •.'."iS ; how the Mrilish in ( 'anada were infornu'd of the Declaration of War, '.'.Ml ; Detroit in lis|'_', L'llO; Hull iii'.ades Canada, •_'•;!, '_•(;•_'; ifei-nnnnissaiac toward Maiden, L'(;;l ; first Ihitlle of thc< \\'ar, 'JCil, L'U,") ; Distrust of (Jeneral Hull, '-'I'ld ; lii>t Mlond shed in the War, "Ji;? ; early Sceiu's iit Matk- iiuvw, 'J(iK, '.'(111; l'',vunts lit Mui'kinaw in \x\'J, l.'7ii; l'jii]iloymunt of the Indians hy the liritish, 1'7I. CHAI'TKK XI\^ CAMPAKJN ON Tin; KKTItolT rUONTIKIt. ^darming Farts and I?nmnr», 272 ; Preparations in Canada for resisting Invasion, '27'.\ , Alarm caused hy the Invasion, L'7I ; Synipti ins of Disloyalty- (ieneral Hrock's liitluence, 'J7."); Defeat of Americans inulcr \'an Iha'iie at Urowiislown, L'7i> ; mulinous Spirit evinced in Hull's Army, L'77; Kxpedirinn to siu'cor a Sup)ily- train, U'7M ; the March toward tlie Uiver l{ai>in, 'J7'.i ; liatlle of .Majiuaga, L'SO, L'SI ; l)i,saiPl)ointinent anti Disalfecrion of the American Troops, 'JSL' ; Mrock >j;oes to Maiilen w ith Troo]is, L'js.'! ; rreparations tia- at- tacking Detroit, L'SI ; Hull deceived — an Isll'ort to reach a Snp|piy-train, L'S."> ; Hull summoia'd to sur- reiuler, and refuses, '2W; the Miiti>h ]iroceed to attaik Detroit, •_'S7; Scones within tiu^ l''ort, I'SS ; Hull .inrrenders the l''ort, (larrison, and Territory, ".'S'.! ; Feeling of the Troops Uesidt of the Surrender, L'lHi ; Iiuidents of the Surreialer, 'Jill : Mritish ( )ccnpatioii of Detroit and Michigiin, L'H'-' ; Aeeount ot' the Sur- render, and imhiic ludignati(ai, 'Jli:') ; Hull tried hy a ( 'ourt-mnriial, 211 1 ; a Consideration of Hull's puhliv' Character, U'D") ; the (ioveriiment more to hlame than Hull, 21IU. CHAl'l'KU \V. MIT.ITAIIY EVKNTS l\ TIIK rm:N lAK NOHTIIWEST. The Author's Journey from Chicago to Detroit, l!I)7; a Hide from Windsor to .Amliersthnrg, 208; ITistnri- eal Localities at Amherstlairg or Maiden, 21*11; Windsor and "Windsor Castle," iidO ; I'ontiae's Siege of Detroit, :!((1 ; Chicago, its Name, Settlement, and I'ositiiai. :ill2 ; Trading-house and Fort at Chicago, '.W.',; an Indian Kaid,;tl)l; Trouhles at Chicago, Itd.l ; Treachery of the Italians — a Warning, ;?ll(! ; Mu- iiitiiais of War and l.i(pior destroyed, .">(I7; Massacre at Chicago, ;t(tS; Incident of the Conflict with the Savages — Uravery of Women, .'idll ; Cruelties of the Indians— their Hritisli Allies, .".Id ; Survivors of the Massacre, lil I ; Mrs. Kenzie and the (irowth of Chicago, .".12 ; 1)( dgns against Fort Wayne, ill". ; Attack on Fort Wayne, .'ill ; Ravages of the Indians - Little Turtle, :!1 ."> ; Treachery of Indians at Fort Wayne, 810; Fort Harrison hesieged, 'Ml ; hrave Deeils at Fort Harrison, yiS; Attack on Fort Madison, ISIll. CIIAl' TFU XVI. WAR WITH Tilt; imiTISII AM) INDIANS IK THE NORTHWE.ST. The Nation aroused — I'iiithiisiasm of the People, .'120 ; Harrison and the Kentiickiaiis, 1^21 ; ITarrison at the Head of Kentucky Volunteers, ;i22 : Departure for the Wilderness, l!2.'!; Vohniteers flock to Harrison's Standard, ;i2 I ; F(M't \\'ayne relieveil — Destruction of Indian \'illages, .'{2."> ; Harrison's I'o]iidarity — he eommands the Northwestern Army, ;'.2d ; Winchester met hy Uritish and Indians in the Wilderness, .".27 ; l{e-enforcements gathering, IVJS ; Ilarrisoii'.s projiosed antunm Campaign, ;?21l : rejxirted Movemen' through the Wilderness, "..'!(); Krcction of Forts, .".'!! ; the Indians alarmed and humhled. ;{;52 ; the Au- thor's Vi>it to the Theatre of War, .'!:!;!; !'re])arations for further Warfare. J'.IU ; Kxpedition against the Indians in the Illinois Country, 335 ; Expedition to the Wahash Kegion, ,'>'M'> ; SulVeriugs of the Keiitueky Soldier-s, 1337. CIIAPTKIl XVII. WAR WITH THE niilTISH AM) INDIANS IN THE NOllTHWEST. Ilnrrison cheerfully meets Diilicidties, .'i.'.S ; DifTieulties of a winter Camjiaign, 33!t ; Organization of the Army — the Western Reserve, 3 K> ; I'rei.arations in Ohio against Invasion, ;iH ; Energy and Patriotism of Colonel Wadswortli. .'i 12 ; an i'",xi)edition to the Mauniee. .".43 ; stirring Events at the Maumee Ra])ids. 341 ; Services of friendly Imlians. .'U.'. ; Cam])heirs Exi.edition into the Wahash Region, 340 ; a Hattlo near the Mississiniwa. 347; Sufferings and Difficulties of Ilarriscm's Army, 348, 3411; Advance toward the Maumee Rajpids, 3:>0 ; Frenchtown on the Raisin River threatened. .'!.". 1 : Battle at Frenehtown. 352 ; W^inchester arrives with Re-enforcements, .'i.".3 ; he disregards Warnings of Danger, 3.")4 ; Massacre at Frenchtown, 3.">ri ; Winchester compelled to surrender his Army, 3r.() ; Perfidy, Cowardice, and Inhu- manity fif the British Commander, 3."'>7 ; Massacre and Scalping allowed hy him, 3.">8 ; Incidents of the Massacre, 3."il» ; Author's N'isit to Frenchtown. .'.CO ; historical Loculities and Survivors of the War there, 301,. '502; Harrison unjustly censured, 303; his Army at the Maumee Rajiids, 304. VI CONTENTS. CIIAI'TKU XVIll. r.vr.srn on rirK noiitiiiiiin ani» niaiiaiia niovTrKiiH in IH|2. I'im wiirlikr M.Mi^iiiT-* ..II 111.' Noiili.Tii I'lo.ni.T, ;i Ilnrl,.,,-. ;ir.H ; u sLniN. a.'.l a M>^' "••I"' l*'"!^"'-^ V->m.|s ..f War ..ii l.ako Onia.i... :ii;',. ; <»,..;rali„. ,1,.. St. I awivii.r lM..iili.'i- ;ir"; li"«lil<- S.iiia.ln.li'^ ..ii l.aki' Onlari... ;l.n; ( )|,ciall..li> ii.'iir KiiiK>t..ii- -( •..iimii). .li.iv Cliuiii.cv .'IVI'; li atia.k ()K.I.'ii>l.iir>;. :t7 1 j St. Hririx it's .aiiiiliv I'V tin- .\im'ii.aii-.. ;I7.-.; Il..ii..is t.. the Vi.t..f. at .Ml.aiiv, ;17(1; Kl.'a/,.'i- U illiaius, ,>r '•'riit' l..'il t.. St. K.'kIs ;i7.-< ; Iliitlal., m IM'.'. ;(71» ; the Niagara fron- tier 'IMii' Amcri.aii'rr....|.s .m tic MaKara Kr..iiiifr. .'Wl ; an Armisti.v aii.l its r.llccis. .'Lh;! ; l'ri'|iara- ti.aiV li.r'aii lina«i.iii ..f ('aiia.la. .is I ; i;\|..'.liii..iis lor .ai.tiinii),' Mritisli Vc-sols, .'IH.". ; Captiiri! i.f tliu .\,l„„is aial r^iliiloma near I'.at Krie, JWi; ; Iiiii.ii'iits ..I'tliu i;.\|.l: Vati Kfii>M'lacr |.ic|.aivs t.. altiitk (iiiiTiisloii, .'l!i(l; Hritisli K.ircii on the .NiaKara Kn.iiti.'r, Hi'l : I'lxin'.lilioii aK;iiii-l <^iirii>li.ii ilciaMMJ. .'IIIL' ; luilitaiT l';ti.|ii('ttc('.il..ii.'l .S.utt, ;"lli;i; I'lisMiKf ..rtlif NiaKara liiMT in ilif Daik.UHl : Skiriiii.-li at (2iio.'ii>t..ii Villiinc, ;i'.i.". ; ('..l.iii.'l \'nii KciisM'iat'r \v..iiimIi'.1 ami ( 'aplaiii W.m'I in .•'iiiiinanil, .'!'.••; ; tlif .Viiu'ri.aiis scale (^iic.'iist.ai llci); 11. mors to (ieiieral Hniik, llMl; C.il.aiel S.il.iinon Van Kensselaer, |07 ; isvenis at tlit! .Moiiili of the NiiiKara Kiver, tOM; I'r.ite.'ti.iii I'or ,\in.'riiaii Prisoners of War, Kill ; (ieneral Sinytli'.s injurious I'riilo and Folly, 110 ; his silly rroclainatioiis ri.li.iiied, II I. ('IIAl'Ti;ii XX. EVKNTS ON Tin; MAIIAIIA Klli)NTIi;il AND VICINITV IN IHI'J. 'riie.\iillior's Visit to tile Nia>;ara I'Yontier. 1 1 'J; l.euistoii. C^iu'eiistoii. anil (iiieeiist.m Heights, 1 1;! ; Hmek's .M.aiuiiient, II I ; an l\veniiij,' on tjiieeiiston ll.'iKlits, II.".; Iiit.'r\ieu with the ( hi. 'f of the Six Nali.ais. 4lli; .(oiirney IVoni (iiieenston t.) .Niagara, 117; l'''.iil (ieor^e ami its A|i|iiirl.'iian(es, H,S; l-'mt .Missis- sa>,'a — iU'turn to .Niagara I''ails, ll!»: .loiirney I'roni Nia^ura Falls to tiie Settleni.'iit of the Six .Nations on the (iraiil Wiver, l-d; a .Morniiif.' uitli the Chief of tlie Six Nations, IL'I ; In.liaii Heli.s aii.l ( 'nstonis, 4L"_': tiie Mohawk Clinnh an.l liiant's 'ruinh. r.'.'i, I'-'l ; tiie .M.ihauk Iiistitnte--('ointmniion-|ilate fr.ini (^iieeM Aiini'. l-">; Ihilisli ntta.k Ilia, k lio.k, iL'll ; rreparations for aiiotlier Invasion ..f Cana.la, lU" ; the Kritisii foreuarii.'.l — I'assai;.! .if the Nia^rani Kiver, ll'S; In.i.leiits of the atteiii|)te.l Invasi.m, I:.".! ; Sinvth's lii.'.iin|i.'teii.'e and F.illy, 11)0 ; the Iinasi.ai of Canada ahaiidoiied, \'M ; a J)iiel, and what eaine of it — c.\it Sniyili, l:!-. ClIArTHll XXI. NAVAt, <)l'i;UATI(»XH IN 1812. A.ktiowle.I^'ed naval Sniioviority of (ireat Mriiain, l.".;>: Ciiar;i.ter, I )istrihntioti. and Condition of the Amer- ican War .Marine. K'.l : Coinino.loie K.i.l^'ers's Si|iiadi'on~lirst Shot in ilie War, l;t."« ; I{od>,'ers in I'airo- |icaii waters — Hritisli Si|iia.lr.iii at Halifax, VM't \ Cruise of tiic; Cdnsli/n/lon. l;!7 ; how slit' eluded her I'lirsiicrs. i:i.s ; the /■.'.s.s.j- f,'oes .mi a Cruise. I. 'Ill ; Cruise of liio h'ss'.r, tld; how a Ciiallenj;e was a.cepted hv Coininod.ive I'orter, 441 ; liie Cdiinli/nliiiii oil' the I^astern ( oast, 111.' ; Hattie lietween the ('iiiistihiliiiii aiid 1,'ui rricrr, I l.'i, 444 ; Destni.ti.iii of the d'ni rriiri — Fllecls .if the Vict.iry, It.-i ; Honors to ( '.iinino- dore Hull, 41(1; Klfe.t .if the N'ict.iiy .m the I'litish Mind. 44" ; Iliill's (ieiierosity, 44s ; Cruise of the Wimj), 4411; I''if,'lit lietween the W'ux/i an.l the /VdZ/e, 4.MI; li.itli \'es,scls caiiliired liy the Poktid's, 4.")1 ; Honors to Cajitain Jones, 4,-)L' ; Lieuleiaint IJi.ldle honored and rewarded, 4,'.;J. CIIAl'TKU xxir. NAVAI. OVf.IiATIONS AND CIVIl, AIKAIIiS IN IHl'J. Coiiiinod.ire l\od<,'ers's see.iiid Cruise, 4.'.4: Haiti' hetween the l/nilnl Slati.i an.l M.'> ; Ca])- ture of the MinTilonidii — Deeatnr takes her to New York, 4."i(i ; Honors to De.'atnr, l.'i"; Hainhridge in Coininand of a S(|iiadroii. I.">s ; his ( 'niise on the ( 'oast of Hrazil. 4."i!l ; Hattle lietween the ( '(nisiilntioii and Jiini, 4(i(); Loss of the .Anv/— Incidents of the Uattle. 4i;i ; Jlonia-s to Jlainliri.lge, 4(i2 ; KHects of tlu! naval Battles in (ireat Hritain. K;;! ; meeting of the Twelfth ( '.ingress, 4(!4 ; .Madison re-elected — his Ad- ministration sustained, 4(!"i ; (^iiincy's Deiuinciations and Clay's Kespoiise, 4(!l!; .Measures for strengthen- ing the Army and Navy. 1(17: lielaliation — Ue]iort of the C.iminittee on Foreign Kelations, 4(18 ; .Mani- fest.) of the I'rim.! Kegent and its Charges. Iilli ; Mediation of the Fjiiperor of Kiissia jiroposed, 47(1; h'e- joiciiigs over Naiiolcon's Jlisfortunes — I'ea.o C.immissioners, 471 ; Cabinet Changes, 471'. CHAl'TFR XXIII. EVENTS ON Tin; mai:mi;k uivicii. Caitemplated Fxpcdition against Maiden, ilii; American Camp at the Matimce Ha])i.ls, 474; Interference of the Secretary of AVar with (ieneral Harrison, 47."i ; (ieneral Clay's inarch to the .Maiimee, 47li ; Harri- son assumes grave Kesi).)nsiliilities, 477; Hritisli and Indian F.xpediilon against Fort Meigs, 478; the Mission of Cajitaiu Oliver, 4711 ; Leslie ( '.imhs Milunteers for jierilous Duty, 480; Incidents .)f his Voyage down the Maumee, 481 ; Preparations for an Assault on Fort Meigs, 482 ; Attack on Fort .Meigs, 481$ ; critical Sii Defeat an Fort .Meij,' Harrison's I'l ciinitha an; l.i laptiire sinniii.ine.l liici.lents o M:,, r.iUi; 1 assailed aiii ( 'oiistriicti.i \'essels, .")l : HaiTis.m >i I'erry prn|iaie acler of tli.> S.piadrons— Scenes on h. rniri' to th.) tempt t.) Fs Dead, ,•..'! I ; ill.' oxidtaiii Alliance — I'l tioiis for iinv Statue iiinei .-.41; I'erry, Arrangcmonts oil!; I'roct.ii •British, .'.18; diaiis make a Hritisli .lefcat son and I'l-oc tlior's Visit til leaves the An Scioto Valley, Visit to Hatm Hage of t^aptii T'lc Energies oi Hli/.ahethtown eaptured, ."i80 ; I'rescott, M2 ; ti.ms I'or it, .-i8, tie York, .",88; Fscape .if the r. Ill to, formerly at Tor.aito. .vi (ieorge— the n Sipnulron an.l retreat to the 1 sfroyed hy then Hattle at St.an are pursued, (j("j EV Hritish Designs o W)8 ; A.sseml.lii it tlio lli'^ii'Kcr^, IH,"! ; Dudley's Dt't't'iit tiiid «ii(l Kf^iilt*, iMd; AiriMd 111' Itr- iiilipKcMicnts fur I .hi Moifj^, 4»7i KHei't ol" u Worliu from Ftirf Mlmks, 1n«j lliL AutliDr's Vi^it lo tin' .Miimiu-i' Vidlfv, I'.Mt IIM. CIIAl'IKIl XXIV. TltK WAlt IS NOIITIIKHN <>|||o — IIINKTRITTION nl' II.IIHN'h ri.i:i;T. IFiiiTi'; Tc- ciliiilliii iiii\iiiiiH I'lPi' liDslilc Actiiiti, lliil ; .Icpliiisiiirs 'rr(Mi|is iit I'liil Sl('|ilu'iHnii, 111? ; iiiisiiicc>«(id Atti'iiipt to liiptiiri' I'cill .M>'i>,"<, !'.'>*; l'"iirl Mf|ilit'liM(iii incliiucd, I'.lit ; ( 'inj^'liiiii ilt'lriiiiilKM In Imld il, .MHI; it is siiiiiiiiiiiu'(l III siiirciidcr. "lOl ; ii Sii'Kt', ."idJ ; l''iiil M('|ili('n»iiii siininrd, mid llic A>Miilaiils ri\|iiilfii'd, .MHI ; IlU'idi'iits iiriliti NiKi" >iirii'i'diti),' I he Sl^ll^,'nl^' lliiiiiii-. ti. t 'ni^diiiii. .Mil ; ilic ,\iiiIi(ii''n \' i-.il lo Sjiiidiisky, .'((."), .".(((I; al«o lo l''it'iiioiit and Site nf I'oit Sli'iilit'iisoii, ,"i(i7; .loiinu'v to 'I'nli'do -Harrison's ( liuniciur assaili'il and \iiidiiali'd, ,'i(l.S; ( 'ii|iiMin I'ciiT st'iil lo I.aki- I'.iii', ."id'.i; llaiiHir of [•".liii or rii".c|' I>|i', .'ilO; ( 'onstriii'tion of a l.aki- I'li'ol lii';,'iin liicii-, .M I ; I'l'iiy's ,S'i'\iccs wiili Cliannccy and in ^I'ciiriii^; Ann'iicaii N'l'ssnls. .M'-' ; I't^-ry's caincst ( 'all for Men, .M;! ; Vsw nionincd, .Ml; liinl Cniiso of Terry's i'lcut, .">l."» ; llurrisou visits I'urry, .jl(i ; I'crry's ticcoiid ('iiiisc, .M7. ("IIAITK.H XXV. Tin; iiAri'i.i: of i.aki: kuiI':. i'ciTy pro|(in'(>s for Hattlo, .'IH; Ins Iliad Iiislriictions— Hiiii>li S(|iiadrim in siKlit, ollt; Names and Ciinr- aiier of llic o|i|io>iiiK Si|iiiiilions, ."ij(l; ('JLanKf in llic Order of liallle, .">"_'l ; ielali\e |'o«ilion of the Si|iiadrons()|]eniiiK of tlit^ Hattle, .'L'L' ; first ro.«ilioii of the Nessels i|i the I'iKht, .">L':l ; ilie Maltlc — Scenes on hoard the l,iiiri-( //ci , .")J I, Ti'l't ; sad ( 'onditioii of the /.nirriiiif, 'I'Ji'i ; I'ei ly ^oes from the /.nw- riKii' to llu! \iiit/nrii, 'i-' ; I'erry lireaks iIk! Uriti^h Line, ."rjis ; his Victory — |{riii>li Shi|i: •rtiiily at- tein|it to lOscape, .'iL'!* ; I'erry 's faiiions |)ispai:tt : lliaiors to l''.lliotl and his Snhordiiiates, ft'A't ; a I'lea for a Mriti^h Indian Alliance — I'reilictioii hy \Va>hinntoii lr\in),', .'i.li;; Author's \'i>it to I'',rie and ( 'le\eland, "lU" ; rrepara- tiiiiis for nineiliiij; a Siatiie of I'erry at ( 'le\elaiid, 'I'M ; surviving; Soldiers of the War of I HI'.', ">:(',l ; the Statue iiineiled— a reinarkahle Dinner-party, .MO ; a sham naval llattle — early Uesideiits of C'leveliilid, ."(41 ; I'erry and his Ciiptivus, '>[2 ; Huceptioii of I'erry and Harrison at Krie, i")l;i. ClIAI'TKIJ XXVI. '' HAHUISON'.-* invasion <»K CANADA — IIIH HOMK. ArrnriKOtTionts for invading Canada, ."iH ; Army of tlu! Nia'thwesi in .Motion, .""i I." ; it crosses F.ake I'.rie. .">4(i ; I'roctor, fiiichtened, llees from .Maiden — 'recnmlha's scornfal Uchiike, .'i 17 ; vij^onais I'niMiit of the •Hritish, 't\X\ the Armies in the liivcr 'riiames, .Mil; Destruction of I'roperty, ."i.Mi; the I?riti>li and In- dians make a Stand for Uattle, ."i.M ; the Armies in hattle .\rray, ."i.">l.' ; Hatth^ of the 'I'huines, ."i.'ill, .">.">4 ; Hriti>li ilefeated — Death of 'rei'iimtha — who killed him, ."i."i."i ; (Jallantry of t'olonel .loliiison, ."(."i(! ; Harri- son and I'roctor properly re'varded, ."(.">7, '>'>>< ; Keturiis to Detroit — l*',tlect of the Victory, ."(.Ml; the Au- thor's Visit t(( the Thames Hattle-Knaind, .MiO, .">(I1 ; Harrison on the Northern Frontier. ")(;•_'; Harrison leaves the Army — Author's .loiirney in Ohio, ."id;!; Aiiti(|iiities at Newark, .")t'4, .">(;.■> ; ('(diimhiis and the Scioto Valley, ."i(l(i; Chillicolhe and its N'iciniiy, ."i(!7, 'iM; (iovernor WorthiiiKton's Hesideiice, ."id!); Visit to Matavia and North IJeiid, ."iTO ; Ninth lieiiil and its early Associations, ")71 ; t'oiirtship and Mar- riage of Captain Harrison and Anna Syinmes, ."i7'_' ; Harrison's Toiiih and Dwelling, o7H, 074. CHAITKU X'XVII. KVKNT.S ON Tin-; ST. I.AWItKXcr, FI{<)NTli:U AND ITI'KH CAVAIIA. 'l'!io I'jiergics ofCreat Hritaiii disjilayed, ">7."i ; Operations in the .St. Lawrence KcKion, •'">7(> ; Attack on Kli/.ahethtowii — Hetaliatinii, ."177 ; Attack on Oj.'deiishurg, rt't< ; Defense of the 'i'ouii, ."i7it ; ( )f,'deiislpiiig caiitureil, ."iSO; the \'illa).^e plundered and Citizens carried oil', .")S1 ; Author's Visit to ()Kdeii>hnrK and I'rescott, .'■).'^1' ; the Canadian Keliellion, .").'^:i ; another Invasion of Canada contemiilated, ."i.'Sl ; I'repara- tioiis for it, .")H,"i ; l'",x]ieditioii against Little York, ."iHII, "i87; Americans land and drive the Hriiish to liit- tle York. ."))^.H ; Kx]ilosioii of a J'owder-maKa/.ine and Death of (ieneral I'ike, oHll ; Capture of York and I'.scape of the Hritish. .Mil); York aliandoiied — a Scalp as an Ornament, .">!ll ; the Author's Visit to To- ronto, formerly Little York, .">'.l- ; an Adventure nmoiiK the Kortitications, oil.'!; notahle Men and Places at Toronto, .")II4 ; I'lissiiKe across Lake Ontario — .Journey to Niagara Falls, .")'.).') ; F..\])editioii against Fort (Jeorge — the resjiective Forces, .")'.Mi ; Cannonade hetween Forts (ieorge and Niagara, ")!'7 ; the American Stpiadron and the landing of Troops, .">!I8 ; a severe Hattle — Ca])ture of Fort (ieorge, .'iD'.) ; the liritish retreat to the iJeaver Dams and Hiuiingtoii Heights, (KM); British I'rojierty on the Niagara Frontier tle- stroyed hy themselves — l'".x])edition toward Hnrlington Heights, (!()l ; the Amerieans at Stcny Creek, dOL'; Battle at Stony (,'reek, do;!; Caiitnre of tienerals Chandler and Winder, d04 ; the Americans llee and are lairsued, GO.") ; Destruction of I'roperty at 8odus — British Fleet off Oswego, (!()l>. CHAPTElt XXVHL EVENTS AT SACKETT's IIAIillOU AND ON THE NIAOAUA FIIONTIEK IN l.HI.'i. IJritisli Designs on Sackett's Ilarhor — its Defenses, (107 • (Jeneral Hrowii in Command at Sackett's Harhor, dO.S ; Assemhling of the Militia — .\))iiroiich of the nritish, (>0!) ; I'ositioii of the Militia — a I'aiiic aiitl Flight, 010; a Conflict — Destruction of I'nhlic Stores, (ill ; the British retreat, (!12; Sackett's Harhor and its Defenses, til ^; the Author's \'isit there — the Frigate Xcir Or/icns — a neglected Moimment, did; his- torical Localities around Sackett's Harhor — a Visit to W'atertown and Brownsville. dl7; the Story of Whittlesey and his Wife. (118 ; Movements on the Niagara F'rontier, (il!) ; Expedition against the British at the Beaver Dams. di'O ; Services of a ]iatfiotic Woman. d21 ; Defeat and Surrender of the Amerieans — Fort George invested, dL'2 ; the Author's Vi.slt to the Beaver Dams llegion, G23 ; a veteran Canadian yjij CONTENTS. Soldier r>"f- Visit to Stoiiv Crook inul IliHiiiltnii, H ; Alovenients ol Hamp- ton in Northern Now York, (Hi' ; Chaiiiicoy trios to onga;,'e Sir James Yeo on Lake ( »ntario, till! ; a Mat- tie at last, t!H ; Chaiiiicov agnin searchiiiK for Mis Foe. M.', ; an Kxpodition for the St. Lawrence af;ainst Montreal— Disasters, (Uii"; llaiiipion's ( (jioialioiis in the ChatoaiiKay Ko^;i(»ii, (117; Wilkinson's Kx|iedi- tion on the St. Lawrence. (It.S; Battle olf French Creek— the Kxpodition moves down the St. Lawrence, CJ'.l • the Flotilla passes I'lescott. i'C>0 ; (ienend Uroun invades Canada — Wilkinson in ■ "-il. (i.M ; Prep- arations for a Hattle, li.')-' ; Matilo of Chrysler's Field, (!.">;( ; the Americans ^o down the St. Lawioiioc, (i,-i'| ; ( 'haracter of some of the chief Leaders, (;.">,"> ; the .\nny in winter (inartors nt French Mills, ('.."it; ; its Siilforin^js tliore and Koleaso, (l.'>7 ; Attempt to seduce Ainericaii Soldiers from their Allegiance. (l.'.H ; the Aiitlior's Visit to the St. Lawrence KoKion— C.irloton Island. (l.Ml, (!(!(); ^VilliaIn Johnson of the Thou- sand Islands. (!(!1 ; his Kx|iloils. .\rrest, ami Iin|irisoiinient, (KIl.' ; his Services in the War of 1^<1L', (KliJ ; a Visit to French Mills and Vicinity, (itii; l{(Mise's Point— J.a CoUo, W>'>; a Visit to Chrysler's Farm, rre>cott, and Ogdeiishiirg, i'Mn CIIAl'TKK XXX. ^ lMn-.I>AT()KY WMU Alii; OF Till; nUITISU <)\ TIIK COAST. Hliick ad-.> of tlie Chesn]ieake and 1 )olaware H.iys declared, (>(>7; ( )iierations of Hlockaders in Chesapeake Bay, (mIS; Attack on Lewiston — Cocklmrn, the Marauder, (lillt ; Capture of Frenchtown, (170; Attack on Havre de drice. (171 ; ihe 'I'own phiiuleroil and tired, (17i' : the Author's \'isit to Havre de (irace — John O'Neill, il7.">: Cockhiun plunders and destroys other Villages, (171 ; stirring Scones in Hainjitoii Koails, (!7."i: a' Hritish Fleet enters the Hoads, (17(1; Cranoy Island audits Defenders, (177 ; I'roparaiions for JSattle (17S; the liritish attack, aie reinilsod. ami withdraw, (17!t ; they turn upon IIain|)toij, (Isd ; they land and menace it, (Ifil ; a .Struggle for the I'ossossioii of Hampton, (ISL' ; Americans driven out, and the Village given up to Kapiue and I'hmder, (ISIl : the Author visits Cranoy Island and Norfolk. (IS I, (IS.". ; the lAirtitications on Cranoy Island. (1S(1 ; a \'isit to Hamilton, (1S7 ; a Daughter of Commodore Barron —a Veteran of IHI- — Hampton destroyed hy Virginia Hohels, (ISiS ; Cocklmrn in the I'otoinac and on the Coasts of the Carolinas i-id (ioorgia. ilSlt; Secret Organizations among the Slaves, (1110; Decatur runs the Blockade at New York. (I'.H ; hlockading Siinadroii otf New Loudon, (11>'.'; jMarm produced hy Tor- pedo W'ssols. (lli;i ; the Coast of Connociiciit Mockaded— the local .Militia, i 14; Decatur in the Tlianies, G'J.); the Author's Visit to New London and it.s Vicinity, ()!•(!, (i!l7. CIIArTEU XXXI. WAR ON Tin; OCKAN IN 1 8 1 1?. Battle hotween the Ilovml and Pirmn-k, (l'.»S ; Victory of the Huriict — Prowess of the Americans re>i)ected, (11)'.>: Honors to Cajitaiu Lawrence and his Men. 7(1(1; Cruise of the ('In siifivdh-c — her Character. 7(U ; Lawrence's last othcial Letter. 7(>"-' ; liroke's Challenge, 7(1."); the ('histijinik-f and her Crew. 7(il; the Cln'saiHiih' goes out to liglil. 7 : Battle hetween the C/k siijitiil.( and SIkiiiikhi — Death of Lawrence, 70(1; Treacherv — Capture of the (7ii'S(i/iiii/:< — she is taken to Halifax, 7()S ; Kxultatioii of the British, 701) ; Honors to Captain Broke, 710 : Kospcct |iaid to the Ixoniains of Lawrence and his Lieutenant, Lud- fiiiioral Ceieinonios at Salem, 7IL'; funeral Coreinonies at New Y'ork — Monnmonts, 71.'!: low. 7 1 1 stir- ring Scenes in Chesapeake Bay. 714: Cruise of the Ar(/iis in British Waters, 71.">; Battle lietwoen the Ari'/iis and /'i/icnii, 71il ; Battle hotween the Kn'd'/irisf and /lo.nr. 717 ; Funeral of the Cominander of each at Forthmd, 718 ; Honors to Burrows and M'Call. 71i> ; last Cruise of the Enterprise, I'M. ClIAl'TFB XXXn. cinisi-; Of Till-; i:ssi;x. the Esxi-.r starts on a long (^rnise — a Search for Bainbridge, 7'-*L' ; CHAPTKU XXXIIL WAR Ac.AiNsT Tin: ii!i;r.K Indians. Insurreciionary Movements in Louisiana. 7^18 ; military .Movements in West Florida, 71)9 ; Louisiana made a State — Insurrection in East Florida, 7(0 ; .Action of I'liited .States Ollioials there — Lx)iodition, 741 ; Surrender of Mohile to the .\mericaiis, 742: Tennessee Volunteers on tlie Mississippi, 74:t ; they rotiirn to Nashville, 744; Tecumtha in the Crook Country — he exhorts the Creeks to make War on the White Peo]ile. 7l(i ; tlio Creek Nation and their Position, 747 ; Civil War among the Creeks — White People in Peril, 7 IS; the .Militia in the Field — Battle of Burnt Corn Creek. 7 tit; Prejiarations for Defense in Lower Alahania, 7.">() ; Fort .Minis and its Oceuiiants. 7.")1 ; Humors of imiiending Hostilities, 752 ; F; Creek Coiini the siihdued Political Coinp — Peace Pat Act reiiealei ures proiiosoi on La Colle Brown, inovi Forces on Li the War in ( for .Sackett's Author's Vis and the Inva SO.-.; Scott 1 British Force hoartoiiod, 81 8i;j; the hi The British, ic the British a Battery, 820 Americans, (■ Scott, wound Battle -groui Erie. 8L'1» ; tl Army, 8,'! I F'.rie, s;!4, s:i Triiiin]ih of \ Brown, 841 jM-ie, 84;! ; ( , i'linerican Ti Holmes's Ivx Operations ii The Downfall Control iif L; Department, the Briti>h 8(i:!- the Br ( )poning of n icans coinjile British alarii to (ionoral !*' 871» ; the .\;it Olltiuio, 88.") ; The Blockade sea-port Tow Boston, 81)2; Illation sent CONTENTS. IX crowded with KefiiKOOs, 7.";' ; f;iitliorinf^ of hostile Shvukcs iumt, 7."i t ; furious Assiuilt on Fort Mims, 7"i ; iMiissacre ut I'"(irl Slims, 7."i(i ; ilorrors ul'ihe Miissiicre, 7">7; Uesponse ot' tlie Teunesseeuiis to ii Cry tor Hell), 7.")M; Cieiieral Aucliew Jaiksou in the Field— .Mobile threatened, but saved, 7')i). CIlAl'TKU XXXIV. WAR AC.MNST TIIK CltKKlv INDIANS. Jackson heeds a Cry for Help from the Coosa, 7<>l); the Army threatened with Famine — AiVairs in the lower Creek Ucuiitry, 7(il ; Choctaw Allies — l'',.\|iedition against 'I'allasehatche, 7(1"-' ; Mattle of 'I'allil- sehatche, 7(!.') ; Jackson hastens to the Kelief of threatened Posts. 7(14; Mattle at Tallade^M, 7(1') ; the dis- ])irited Indians sue lor I'eace, 7(1(1; Destruction of the llillahee Towns, 7(17; the Creek Country invailed from (ieor^ia — Hattle of Anttose, 7(11^ ; Kxpeilition under Captain Dale, 7(111 ; Dale's terrible Canoe I'l^ht, 770; Fort Claiborne at Uando'i's Landinf;, 771 ; liattle of Kconochaco, 771.' ; Dissolution of tlie Armies in the Creek Country — new N'olunteers, 771!; liattle of iMnucfau, 771 ; liattle on Knotoch()])CO Creek, 77.1; liattle on the Calebce Uiver, 77(1; East Tennesseeans •::wi Choctaw iMlies on the Way to the Creek Country. 777; Hattle of the Horseshoe, 77'.( ; the Power of the Creek Nation broken there. 7<'<(l; the subdued Indians sue for Pea'c — W'eathersford in Jackson's Tent, 781 ; the Creek Nation ruined, 782. CHAPTER X.XXV. CIVIL AFFAinS Tiff 1811? — KVKNTS ON Till'; NOUTIIKUN FI!f)NTIKU IN 1811. Political Composition of Congress — Peace Commissioners, 78;{ ; illicit Trallit — Chacge in ])ublic Sentiment, — Peace I'arty, 781; revolutio!iary Pro])osition— new F".nibarj,'o Act, 785 ; Humors of I'eiU'e — Fanbargo Act rei)ealed, 78(1 ; Provisions for the increase of the Army, 787 ; Prisoners of War — retaliatory .Meas- ures proposed, 788; Campaign on the Norlhern Frontier aiul 1/ike Chaniplain, 78'.t; Wilkinson marches on LaCoUe Mill, iu Canada, 7ii(); Hattle of l.a Colle Mill, 7',M ; end of Wilkinson's military Career, 7!>2; Hrown, niovinfj; ioward the Niagara Frontier, ])erplexed by ( )rders fioin the War Department, 7'.t;!; .Naval F'orces on Hake Ontario, 7'.(1 ; the Hritish attack Oswego, 711.") ; they captine Oswego, 71t(l ; Survivors of the War in Oswego, 7'.I7 ; Sackett's Harbor l)lockaded, 71»8 ; Woolsey at Hig Sanily Creek with Stores for Sackett's Harbor, 71llt ; Hattle at Hig Sandy Creek, 800 ; a great Cable carried to Sackett's Harbor — Author's Visit to Hig Sandy Creek, 801 ; the Army on the Niagara Frontier — Red Jacket, 80L' ; Fort Erie and the Invasion of Canada, 80;! ; an Invasion of Canada from Hlack Uock,8()l ; Capture of Fort Erie, 80,"); Scott ])repares for battle at Street's Creek, 80(1; ]ireliminary Fighting, 807; Scott ailvances — the Hritish Force, 808 ; the liattle of ('hi])i)ewa, 801), 810 ; the Hritish driven from Cliip|)ewa — Indians dis- heartened, 81 1 ; the Armies inspiriteii by the Victory, 81 L' ; Pre])arations to cross the Chipi)ewa Creek, 8i;{ ; the isi'*'sh retreat — lirown marches for Fort (jeorge, 811 — he falls back to Chii)i)ewa, 81."). Hrown, 811 : Honors to (icnerals Porter and Kipley, 8lL' ; two remarkable Survivors ot the Hattle ot F'ort F.rie, 8i;i ; (ieneral Izard sends Troo|)s to the Niagara Front. .-, 811 ; lie takes Command there. 81^."> ; the American Troops withdraw from Canaila, 81(1 ; the Author visits F'ort lOrie aiul its \'icinity, s;17, 818 ; Holmes's Exi)ediiion into ( 'anada — Hattle of the Long Woods, 8111 ; E.\i)edition to the up])er Lakes, 8.")(l; Operations in that Region, 8.)l ; ISI'Arthur's Raid in Canada, 8.")l2 — his Ih'uvery and Generosity, 8.");j. CILVPTER XXXVII. KVKNTS ON I.AKI-; (11 AMIM.AIN IN ISll. The Downfall of Napoleon. 8,"il ; I'nglish Troops released for Service in Ainerica, 8,"),") ; Struggle for the Control of Lake Chaniplain, 8."i(i ; C)perati()iis on the Canada Horder. 8.")7; alarming ( )rder from the War Deparlinent, 8.")8 ; Concentration of Troops at Plattsbiirg. 8.">1) ; Position of American Works there, 8(10; the Hritish advanco on Plattsbiirg, 8(11 ; a Skirmish at Heekmantown, 8(1L' ; another near Plaitsbnrg, 8(!.'!- the Hriti>h checked at the Saraiiac Hridge. 8(11 ; Hritish land — our naval Forces in motic-n. 8fi.") ; Opening of naval Hattle off Plattsbiirg, 8(1(1; Hattle ot'Lake Chaniplain, 8(17-870; \ictory for the Amer- icans coin])lete. 871 ; Casualties, 87l' ; Movements of tin' land Tido|)s — Hattle of Plattsbiirg, 87."« ; the British alarnu'd, f<71 ; their hasty Flight into Canada, 87."> ; Rejoicings because of \'iclory, 87(1 ; Honors to (ieneral !*':ii-omb, 877 ; Honors to ( 'ominodore .Macdonough, 878 ; Effect of the Victory at Plattsbiirg, 871> ; the .V;ithor's Visit to the Scene of War on and near Lake ( haniplain, 880-881 ; ( Jjierations on Lake Ontario, H6'>; a heavy Hritish Sliij) on the Lake, 88(1; clo.se of llostilitie.s on the Northern Frontier, 887. CHAPTER XXXVIIL TIIK ■WAR' ON Tin; Nl;\V KNCI.ANI) COAST IN 1811. The Blockade of New London. 888; amphibious Warfare on the New F.ngland Coast, 880 ; New England sea-port Towns blockaded, siiO; Portsmouth and Hoston menaced. 8111 : Prciiarations for the Det'ense of Boston, 81l"_'; the Hritish Si|ua(lron attacks Stonington. 811,'); Captain Holmes and his (inn. 81)1; a Dep- utation sent to the Hritisl Commander, 81).") ; the Hritish rei)ulsed — iini)otency of the Attack, 8'.)G ; ii CONTENTS. British Inirce on tiic f'onst of Mniiie. S!)7; Oiierntioiis in Penobscot Bny and Rivor, 898; Preimrntioiis lU liiiiniKlen to oppose tiie Hiitisli Invasion. HD'.I ; I'linic and Flife'iit of tile Militia, !»()() ; tlie IJritisii at Ban},'or, Hi) I Tiealnient of (ieneral Ji!ai ; Voyage u]) the Penohscot, !M() ; Ilamju Ohservations at HanKo'-, Id'.' ; Visit to New Bedford and Providence, 1)13; Stoniugton mid Alys Ohservations at IJaiif," 8tory of a fiiitlifiil Daughter, 91'). CIIAPTKll XXXIX. ♦ THE CAl'TfKIC OI- WASKINOTON CITY. Apathy of the Government while the Cajiital was in i)er!l, !»1(; ; feelile Propfirntions for its Defense. 917; ( icii'ei'al Winder in ( omniand— a ( 'all for Troops, 918; Tardiness of the Secretary of AVar — Ajiathy of the I'coplc, 919: AiiiK-aiance of the iiritish in Cliesaiieake Bay, 9L'(); gathering of Troops— Destruction of Harnev's Flotilla, 921 ; the Forces gatiiered for the Defense of Washington and IJaltimore, 922; the British move on Washington from the Patnxeiit, 91'.'!; Battle Lines formed iieai I51adensiinrg, 924 ; Ex- citement in the national Cajiital, 92.-); tiio British advance on J51adenshiirg, 92(1 ; Arrangements to receive them, 92(!, 927; Dneling-grotind near Bladensburg, 928 ; Battle of Bladeiislinrg, 929, 930; Barney wounded and made Prisoner, 9;il ; the victorious British march on Washington City, 9;i2; Destruction of the piihlic Buildings. 9:).'l ; J)estriiction of the Navy Yard, '.)'M ; Plight of tlie President and liis Cabinet I'litriotism of Mrs. Madison, 9.'i."> ; Olijcct of the Invasion, 9;!(i : the British retreat from Washington, 9;!7; Slaverv the cause of the Disaster at J}ladeiisi)nrg,-9;i8 ; a British Fleet jiasses ii]) the Potomac, 9;i9; Alexandria plundered — Torpedoes, 940 ; the ISritisii S(piadron returns to Chesajieake Bay — Visit to the Battle-ground at Hladensbiirg 941 ; Kalorama and Oak llill Cemetery, 942; Congressional Biiiiul- grouiid— Fort Washington, 943. CIIAl'TEK XL. EVKN'T.S AT liALTIMOKi;, rnil.ADKLl'HIA, AND MOW YOUIC IN 1814. The British in Chesapeake Bay, 944 : F:xploits of Parker and Cockbnni, 945 ; Operations of the British Fleet in Chesajieake Bay, 9lii; Baltimore threatened, 947; Prejiarations for the Defense of Baltinun-e, 948; F'ortifications aml'Tii .i])s for its Defense, 919 ; the Hritisii land and advance on Baltimore, 9.")() ; Position of tiie contending Annies, 9.")1 ; Battle of North Point — Death of the British Commander, 9.">2, 9");!; the British Fleet nii;.es up to attack Fort M'llenry, 9.')4 ; Hoinbardment of the F'ort, 9");") ; the British Invaders driven otf, 9.")(! ; *'Tho Star-spangled Banner," 9."i 7; the British land Troojis march on Baltimore, 9."i8 ; they retire to their Slii]is — the British J'rogramme, 9,")9 ; Honors to Colonel Arniistead, !)(!0; tiie .\utlior'- Visit to Baltimore and tiie historical Localities around it, 9(>l-9(;.") ; New York and Philadelphia relieved, 9(i.">; the \'ohiiitecr Com]iaiiies of Pliiladcli)hia. 9()(! ; Organization of Troops and Fstablisliniuiit of Camps, 907; Patriotism of the Citizens of I'liihuleljihia, 908; New York aroused — Com- mittee of Defense, 9('9 ; the Citizens assist in casting np Fortiticati(-iis — '"liie Patriotic Diggers," 97(1; the lM)rtiiications around New Y^ork, 971-975 ; a floating Battery authorized by Congress, 97G; the Steam- ship Fulton t/ic Fifsi, 977. CHAPTER XLL NAVAL WARFARE OX TIIE OCEAN IN 1814 — AMERICAN PRIVATEERS. New Vessels for the Navy — the Jn/ni Aduiua. !t78 ; Cruise of the U'as/i — Capture of the Reindeer, 970 ; the W'l.s/i and Aroii — Loss of the Wayi, 9S() ; F'ight between the Peacock and F./ien-iei; 981 ; Barney's F'lo- tilla in ( 'hesapeake Bay, 9.^2 ; the Cnustitiition, 98;i ; Battle between the Ciiu.stiliition, Vi/ ; Stewart's Home in New Jersey, 980 ; Decatur's Siiuailron — he puts to Sea ;n the Piv.s/r/c//^ 987; Battle between the Presltleiit and F/i(li/iiiioii,\)SH; the rest of Decatur's S(nia(lr()n jints to Sea. 989 ; Battle between the Hornet and P('«7»/», 990 ; Honors to Cajitain Biddle, 991 ; Cruise of the Hornet and Pencoeh — the Navy at the end of the War, 992 ; the first I'rivateers, 99.i ; Cruise of the 7iWs/( , 994 ; first Prize taken to Baltimore — tlie Clohe, 99,-); Cruise of the Hl;//{tl;/'>'' Ynnkre, and Shadow. 99li ; Salem and Baltimore Privateers, 997; Privateering at the <'lose of 1812, 998; remarkable Cruise of the ("(;///(7,999; Cruise of the r//((.s.vr((c. Sar- (itoi/a, Jjoljihin, /.ottiri/. iind Yanhee, 1000; Cruise of the (Ieneral Arinstron;/, Xed, and Scoiin/e, 1001; the Teaset — Capture of the Fai/li — Cruise of the Jjecatiir, 1002; Cruise of tlie JJarld Porter,; a heavy Battle, lO-lO; the British rejmlsed and then le-eiiforccd, KlH ; .lackson ]iie|)ares to receive the increased British Forces, 1042; (Miaracter ami Disposition of his own Forces — I'ositic.n of his Army on the 7th of January, 1()4;{; a Uritish Detachment crosses the Mississi)>|)i, 1044; Battle of New Orleans", 104(!-I04',»; Disjiosal of the Dead, 10.')(); Attack on Forts St. I'liili)) and JJowyer — Jackson's Army in New Orleans, IO.")l ; Honors accorded to Jackson and his Troojjs, 10,")L'; Humors of I'eace and continu- ance of Martial Law, lO.i;! ; Incidents of Jackson "s Trial for Contempt of Court, I0,">4; the Viithor's floiu'- ney to New Orleans — Lexington ami "Ashland," 10."),"); Frankfort and its ( cinetery, lo.jt!; a ^'isit to Nashville and the " Hermitage," I0")7; New Orleans and its historic iMen ami I'laces, i(),")8 ; Attack on F'ort Sumter — Uji'Msing of the I'eople, lO.")!! ; Negotiations for I'eace and the Commissioners, 10(10; (ilient and the Sympathy olj its Inhai)itants with the Americans, 10('>1 ; the Treaty of I'eace, 10(12, IOC);!; I{ojoic- ings of the American Peo])le, 1004; Commemorative Medals — its Hatitication, lOO."); Position of the Be- jiiihlic at the close of the War, 10(!7; Headjustment of National Affairs — Dartmoor Prisoners, UKW; Prosperity of the Kepublic and its Relations to other Nations, lOU'J ; Text of the Treaty of I'eace, 107 1. ; the Flo- jiriiiif, 11 New :i. Initial Letter. 111. Campus Mart 17. Portrait and f Hcukeweldi 15. Portrait and t cral St.CUai lit. Sii;naturo()f\ 20. Sii;initnrc of] 21. Fort Ilarinar 22. Fort Washing of Cinciiina 23. Siiinature of,; 24. The Maiuneo Ilarniar'.s 1) 25. Mai)— Ilarniai 20. Hall's Crossin 27. Apple-tree no; 2S. Map— Plan of and liattle. 20. Si^'natnre of 'I .'iO. Lowrv's Moni iil. Map -Plan of March .'i2. Si^'natiiro of i !«. Map— IJattlcc bers 34. Tnrkoy-foot V 35. Sii;natnro of trainck . . . . 3(1. Colonel Ilanit 37. Tail-piece -In 3S. Initial Letter. 31). Portrait and Piiickiiey. . 40. Liberty Cent. 41. Portrait and !■ eral llainilt 42. Portrait anil Thoiniis Pa 43. A Had Jleasni 44. An Assif;nat, 4ri. Portrait of Li; 4ii. Paine tlttiiii; I 47. Memorial Me 4'<. Initial Letter. 4'.>. The Contrast. 50. Portrait and Thomas Mi 51. Portrtiit and ^ Genet 52. Portrait and S Jay 63. Signature of .A 64. 8eal of the Re of Baltimor 6£. Portrait and I: PInckney. . 66. Portrait arid t Adams 67. Portn. Ijiitial Letter 35 111. Campus Martins 37 17. Portrait and SiLjnaturc of Miss Ilcckewelder 37 15. Portrait and Signature of (ien- oral St. Clair 3S li>. Siixnattiro orWintln-()i)Sar{j;ent ilS 20. Sli,'natiire of Lord Dorcliester. 3S 21. Fort Harmar 3'.» 22. Fort \Vashinu;lon, on tlie Site of Cincinnati 41 23. Siirnatnre of Josepli Ilarijiar. . 41 24. Tlie SlannUH! Ford— Place of Ilarmar's Defeat 42 25. Map-IIarmar's Defeat 4:t 211. Hall's Crossing-place 43 27. Appk'-lree near Ilarmar's Ford 44 2S. Map— Plan of St. Clair's Camp and liattle 47 29. SiLTiiature of Tobias Lear 4'.l 30. Lowry's Monument 52 31. Ma|) -Plan of Line of Wayne's Marcii 54 !!2. Si'.'naturo of A. M'Kee 54 33. Maj)— liattle of the Fallen Tim- l)ers 65 34. Tin-koy-foot Kock 55 35. Siirnaturc of Colonel Ilam- tramck 5(') i!(i. Colonel Ilamtramck's Tomb. . 5(1 37. Tail-i)iece— Indian Implements 57 3S. Inilial Letter 5S .3!). Portrait and Sii^naturo of T. I'Inckney 04 40. Lil)erty Cent 05 41. Portrait and Sif^naturc of Gen- eral Hamilton 00 42. Portrait and Si^'naturo of Thomas Paine. CO 43. A Pad Measure Oi) 44. An Assifrnat 74 4.5. Portrait of Louis XVI 70 4 B4. Seal of the Republican Society of Ualtlmcn-e S!» K. Portrait and Sif^nature of C. C. PInckney (12 86. Portrait and Signature of John Adams 03 57. Portri'it and Sijinature of Joel Barlow 94 5S. Sifrnaturc of Benjamin Stod- dert PayeOO 5P. Initial Lifter '.is 00. John Hull taking a Lunch !»!> 01. Slj,'nattire of Stephen Decatur lol 02. Portrait and Sij;iuiture of John Barry 101 03. Commodore Barry's Monii- nuiit 101 04. Naval Pitcher 104 06. Medal nresenl'id to Commo- | dore Truxtnn 105 00. Sij;naluro ofTl'.DmasTruxtun 105 07. Truxtun's Crave 105 i 08. The Lutheran Church in Phil- | adelpliia 110 on. Washini;t(m Modal Ill 70. Tail-piece— M'Plicrson Blue. . Ill 71. Initial Letter 112 j 72. PortBiiit and Si;_'nature of | TliomasJed'erscin 114 73. Alijiers in isoo 117 | 74. Portrait and Signature of Richard Dale 118 i 7.5. Dale's Monument 11!) Portrait and Signature of Ed- I ward Preble 120 Tripolitan Weapon 121 Tri])olitan Poniard 122 Medal given to Commodore Preble 123 NavalMonument 124 Signature of William Eaton. . 125 Initial Letter 130 Portrait and Signature of A. Burr 135 Siirnature of John Adair 130 liiennerliassett's Residence. . 130 Signature of lilennerliassett. . 130 P(n'trait and Signature of liu- fus King 143 , Portrait alid Signature ofWil- | liam Pinknev 148 Initial Letter 140 Lynnhaveu Bay 150 I'ortrait and Signature of Commodore Barron 150 Portrait and Signature of James Monroe 101 Initial Letter 107 (tun-boats 108 Portrait and Signatm-c of Jo- siah(iuincy. ." 174 Portrait iind Signature of James Madison 170 Fort or Battery Severn, at An- mtpolis 181 Commodore Uodgers's Resi- dence 182 Signals, No. 1 1^2 SI-milBook ]s2 Signals, No. 2 l'-3 Signals, No. 3 1>3 Signals, No. 4 l'<3 Signal Alphabet Is3 SiL'oal, No. 5 184 Portrait and Signature of Commodore Rodirers 185 Tail-piece— Gauntlet ISO Initial Letter 187 Birth-place of Tecumtha and his Brother ISS 70. 77. 7s. 70. SO. 81. 82. S3. 84. S5. Ml. s7. 88. 80. 00. 01. 92. 93. 04. 95. 90. 07. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 10,5. 100. 107. lOs. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 'roplK^t li l!arr( Joseph Barron 191 Indian Detecter 191 Portrait and Signature of Gen- eral Boyd 194 SiLrnatnre of Peter Funk 105 Fort Harrison 197 1 111. Signat'ro of Judge Naylor Page 19S 117. Portrait and Signature of A. Whitlock... 199 lis. Portrait and Sigiuiturc of Wil- liam II. Harrison 200 119. View at Tippecanoe Battle- gnnind 202 120. Signature of J. Suelling 203 121. Map— Hattlc of Tippecanoe.. 205 122. Vignette to a Mournful Ballad 20s 123. Tipnccaiioc Battle-ground. .. 20'.» 124. Tail-piece— Wigwam 20'.t 12.5. Initial Letter 210 120. Portrait and Signature of II. Clay 211 127. The Gerrymander 211 128. Portrait and Siginiture of J. Randolph 215 129. Portrait and Signature of J. C. Calhoun.. 210 130. Sigmiture of Josiah 4. Initial Letter '251 15,5. Portrait and Signature of Wil- [ Hum Hull 252 150. Portrait and Signature of John Johnston '2,53 1,57. Place of IluH's Rem'.'zvous. . 2,54 15S. SiL'iKilure of Governor Meigs. '2,55 1,50. View at Bloodv BridL'e 201 j 10". Colonel Bailie's Residence... '202 101. View at the Riviere aux Ca- I nards 2C4 102. Map— Detroit Frontier 200 I lO;!. Portrait and Signature ofDun- can M 'Arthur 207 104. Mackinack, from Hound Island 207 10,5. Arch Roc'<. Mackinack 20S 100. Fort Mackinack '209 107. Tail-piece -Canoe 271 Ills. Initial Letter 272 ■ 109. Fort Xiauara, from Fort ! (ieorL'O 274 ; 170. Portrait of Thomas B. Van I Ilorno 275 171. Barracks at Sandwicli 27-^ 1 172. MaL'nat'a Battle-ground '2sl 173. Tecumtha 2^2 174. SiL'natureofJ. B. Glegg 283 ! 175. Portrait and Signature of D. Noon 292 170. Portrait and Signature ofLew- • is Cass 294 177. Tail-piece— Neglected Grave. 2'JO XIV ILLUyTUATIONS. 17S. Initial I.oltcr Phl'P 2!>T | -W. Portrait mid Siu'iintiiri- of Sol- U'.l. Si-iiiitiirciil'.lrio. I!. I,.iU'_'litiiii '.".is | iimkpii Viiii Ucii>sclMcr..l'ii^'(' -tO" ISO. ViT'W III Malilcii, l'|i|i<'r Can- ] '.'M. SiL'iialiin' olMolin Lovcll -in" „i|,, 'J',i!t I •.',')•.'. 'I'ail-piccc— rrDclanialiou and Itl. Hrili!-li CaiinViri at Dctmit. . .. WH l Swcrd 411 IS-.'. ,si. 'nature ot'Hnlit. Hi'jnolds.. linn ' 'Jf):!. ]nili;il Letter 41'.' Is:i. Si~'naliire i)f C. Aloran ilO'i '.'W. Hmek's MiinnnionlimCiiiecns- ls4. Khizie .Mannion and Fort ton lleii.'lits 414 l),.,.|il),,rn il"'! ' '-''>f'. Ml mn men I where lirock fell. . 41(! 1S5. The lllack i'arlridire'H Medal. IMKi ' 'Jfdi. Siirnainre ol' .SiiliMnun Vriio- isii] .Map SiKMif Chicau'ii 'M-< \ man 41T 1^T. liliKk-hdM-e at C'hicaL,'!" HI'.' !•-'.'>". PresentOntlineofKcrt (ieorLre 41S ■ ■•s. y,irl Wavne in I>1-' iilT) ^ iW. Kreneh .Mai,'azine at Fort l-'ii! The l.ilile'1'Mrlle's (Jrave lil.'i j (ieorL'c 41S I'.ii). jlrld'eat thi'lleailiil'lhe.Mail- | '.'.V.i. Distant View of Fort MIhhIm- 111, .(• ;ili> I saL-a 41!l nil. I'drliait and Siu'naturo of Z. I ■-'lUi. Interinr View -Fort .Missi.-sa- 'I'.iyhir ;iH ! L'a in l^i;n 4t!l I'l" (ii'iM'Val Tavha-'H UcxidoiU'e. . :iIH ! '.'01. Jlission-lionse on the Grand l!i:l Inili.il Letter K" I Hiver 4'21 I'.M. Fort Deilance ;):'..'l •.'(!'.'. Portrait and Siirnatnro of G. l:l,'.. SiteofFort Dellanee :i:i:i i II. M. .Johnson 4'.'1 I'.M!. .\pple-tree at Deilance .'IIU i •JH:!. Ornamental Tomahawk 4'Jl 1117. Tail-pieie — Indlan.s at IliiUis : -'ilL Deer-shank Weapon 4'."J of a Villaire :i:!T { -M;.-i, Silver Calnmet 4'.".' lOS. Initial Letter ;i:is '.'iWi. .Ancient Scalpiiiir-kiiife 4'J'.' ]fi!i. Portrait and Siirnatnro of Si- mon I'erkins .140 200. Siixnatare of Eliiah Wadf- worth .. Ul) '.'01. Portrait and Sii;iiatnre of K. Whittlesev Ml '.'fl'2. .'*iL'natiire ol' William Fnstis.. :i4!i •jn:i. Winchester's llead-(|iiarters. . ilW '.'04. .Map -Movements at Frcnch- ■Jii7. Mohawk Church, (iraiul Klv er, C.W 42!! •-MS. Interior of Mohawk Clinrch. . 4'.':! ■.'I'.'.i. Comninnion Plate •1'2,') 270. (ieneral Porter's liesidencc, lilaek Kock 42(i 271. Si^'iiatni-e of (ieorL'e M'Fep.ly. 42il 272. SiL'nalnre of <'ecil MIssliopp, . 40s '"7::. SJL'natnre of Samuel .\n_'iis., . 42S town :i.W 274. Tail-piece — Snail on Majilc- im. Uesiileiiceof I.a.Salle WK I leaf 4;!2 200. Monroe, from the Hnttlc- 27.'). Initial Letter 4.1:1 1,'roniid :iiil I 271!. Siirnatore of I{. Hyron.* 4,!(i 207. Siijiiatnre of Lanrenf Dnro- Cher :iil2 20s. I'iprlrait and Signature of .la.s. Kn;i'_"_'s no:! •20!). Tail-piece -- Tomahawk and Scalpin'.,'-kiiife :ii'>l 210. Initial Letfr Mn 211. ,\rsenil liiiildiiiL', Watertowii ::ilO 21'2. Si'^nalnrc of Colonel ISeiiedict M' 21a. Portrait of Captain William VaiiL'hnn iiOS 214. Cipher Alphahet and Numer- als :!7n -M. I'hr l''Hist/liit;i, II ill |s(;o 4;!(! 27s. Fac-simileof Coininodore Por- tiM-'s Wriliiii: 441 270. Portrait and SiL'iiaturo of Commodore Hull 4t'_' 2sn. Hull's M'liiument 412 •jsl. I'orlrait of .lames liicliard Da- cres 444 •2sJ. Hiiirs Medal 440 2s;t. Portrait and Siirnature of Cap- tain .Tones 44!) 2st. SiL'iiatnri' of Thus. Whiiiyate.s 4i:i SlLrnature of. I. 1'. lieresford. . 4.M .IN. Tnil-piocp— A Scalp Pr.KC 49.1 :illi. Initial Letter 4'.t4 :i'.'o. Sl^'iiature of K. M. .lohnHoii . . 4!i.1i :I2I. .hdinsoii's Moniiinont .((Kl :i'."J. P(Mirait and Sif,'niiturc of (J. C''()i;han 4!n) .T2.1. View at Frtuuoiit, or Lower Saiiduskv ftOO .1'.'4. Plan of Fort StephcnHon BO;i :!•.'•'). (iold Medal awarded to (ien- eral Croixlian ride's :!2(!. Lower C.asialian Spriiii: .Mul :!27. Sill' of Fori Sii'phenson ftOT !12S. I'art of Short's Sword-Hcab- liard nOT :i'20. Ferry's Resilience BOil ;i:)0. Portrait ami Sii,'natiircof Dan- iel Dolihins BOO •i:il. Wa.vne's itlock-lionse at Krie 810 :>:i2. Sit(^ of French Fort and Kii- trance to F.rie Harbor Bll .l:!:i. Month of Cascade Creek Bit :i:il. lilock-liouse Bll :>:!.'>. .Map Frie and Presif Isle I!ay B14 :i:iti. portrait and Si^xnalnre of Fsh- er Parsons BIO :!:!7. Piit-in liav BIT :i:is. Initial I.eiter BIS :i:i'.i. Perrv's Look-out, (Jibraltar Isl'aiiil BIS .140. Perrv's Maltle-llaL' Bl!t :i41. Portrait of (). II. Perry .V.'l ;i42. View of Perry's liirlli-placo. . . .V.'l ::4:!. Catafaico B'.'l ;144. Perry's Monument B'Jl ;I4.'). The twoSiniadrons.jnst before the P.atlle, 21.5. SiL'ualiire of Paul Hamilton. . :i7n ; ■jsil. .V Wasp on a l''rolic 4,VJ 210. Siurnature of liichanl l)odi;c. . ;!7il j :'s7. iledal awarded to I'aptaiii 217. Appearance of Fort Presenta tion in Isl'j 21s. Design on Indian Pass. . 21!t. Signature of (i. 1). Voiiiiir. . . . :i7il 2'2'i Portrait and Siixnaturo of EW- azer Williams 177 221. Old Church in St Kei;is :i7s 222. liouiularv Moiiumeiit ;!7li 2'.'1. The Port of Muffalo in 1^]:;. . . :!sn 2'24. Keinains at Fort Schlosser. . . .Iso •2'J.'). Siirnatiire of II. Dearborn ... . ;isl 'i'.'li. Map of the Niau'iira Frontier. ;!s'j 227. Portrait and SiLrnature of Ste- phen Van Kensselaer ;is4 22s. Siirnalurc of William Howe Ciiyler 1s7 220. Portrait and Siirnature of .Jes- se I). Klliott. iss 230. Tail - piece — Oar, Boardinj;- pike, and Roiie .'. iss 2.11. Initial Letter ;is|i 212. SiLTiiatiire of Alexander Smvth i'.s'.i 2.1:!. (^iieenston in |sl-.' "... :i;iO 2;!4. SiLrnature of .John I!. Fenwick ;i!i1 235. View from the Site of Vroo- man's Hattery 3!i1 230. Si;.'iiature of .To'liii Chrystie.. . :i:i'J 217. SiL'iiature of .Tames Collier. . . ;i!i:! 238. Laiidini.'-i)lace of the Ameri- cans at (^ueenston 3!)i Tones. . :'ss. The Piddle I'm 4.M . •171 ' 'J^'.i. Tail-piece — lOaL'le beariiii; off tlic Trident of Xepliine. .. . Vi'.i 200. Initial Letter 4,'')4 2:11. Siixnatiire of.Tolin S. Carden. 4.Mi '.".12. ^leilal awarded to Decatur... 4.'>s •J01. Pen-trail and Si^'iiature of Commodore l!aiiib|-id;,'e.. . . 4,MI •J04. PainbriiL'e's Miuiument 4,'');i 2'.i,''). liainbridire's y.'w York (iold liox... 402 2'.ir>. Hainbridtre's Albany (ioldBox 40'2 •-':i7. HainbriilL'e's Medal 40:! 2:1s. liainbriiliTc's Crii 401 •.Mil. Tail-|)iei-e -Napoleon's Flag and Star descending' 472 :!0". Iniiial Letter ' 47:i :!01. Si'_'iiatiire of C. (iratiot 474 ;!0'2. Portrait and Sijjnaturo of (Ireen Clay 47(i 301. View of CiiK-innati from Now- port in lsl2 47(! ;104. Map -Fort McIl'S and its Vi- (-luity 477 ",0a. Fac-simile of Harrison's Let- ter 479 .100. Portrait and Siirnatnro of Leslie Combs 4'^(\ 'Ml'. T'p tlie Maiimee Valley 4>^1 239. Kus.sell's I>aw()tlice .I'.iO , :!0s. Site of the liiiiisli Katterics 240. Portrait and Siirnatnro of.Iohn K. Wool. 397 241. Siirnatureof.LK. Mnllanv.... .lilO 24'.'. Portrait amlSiiriiaturo of.Iohii liranf 401 243. Rrant's Sfonument 401 244. Siiriiature of .Tosepli O. Totteu 40:i 24.5. Siiriiature of ,T.(iibson 4o;i 240. NewMaira-zine at Fort (ieorire 40S •-'47. SiL'iiaturo of I{. 11. Shi iffe... 405 245. Medal in Memory of i Mioral lirock ■ 400 249. Brock's Monument 400 from Fort Meiirs 4S2 109. Portrait and Siirnatnro of Wm. Christv 4S3 110. I'lan of Fort McIl's 4S4 111. Siiriiature of W. K. Hoswell,. 4s7 IP.'. Map Sieire of Fort Meiirs. ... 4ss :111. Keinains of Walker's Monii- nu'iit 4S!l 114. Portrait of Peter Navarro 4!I0 315. Unins of p'ort Miami 491 310. Up the Maumee from Maumco Citv 49'.' 117. Well at Fort Meifrs 492 .140. Portrait and Si^'iiaturi^ of .S. Cliamplin B^.'!! :147. First Position in the Action.. B'.'l :i-|s. Siiriiature of .T. ,T. Varnall B-.'4 :it9. Sei d Position in the ISattle B'20 :i.Mi. Portrait and Siirniitiirc of J. Chapman 527 :iBl. Siiriiature of Thomas Holdup 5'2S :i.52. Position of the Sipiadroiis at the close of the liattle .5'20 :'.53. .-Mniy's Sword B--'9 :!.54. Fac«. 400. 401. 402. 40:1. 404. 40,5. 400. 407. 40,S. 409. 410. 411. 41-'. 41:1. 414. 41.5. 410. 417. 41S. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 4'.'4. 42.5. 420. 427. 428. 429. 4:10. 411. 4:12. 4:!:i. 4:!4. 4;!5. 410. 4:!7. 4!I8. 439. 440. +H. 4-12. ■u:!. 444. 445. 440. 447. 44s. 449. 450. 4.51. 4,52. 453. 4.51. 4.')5. 4.50. 4.57. 4.58. •1,59. 400. 401. 402. 40:!. 40-I. 4l!5. 400. ■107, Harrison's Ke Heiid... Iniiial Letter, lllock-honse 1 I'arish's Ston I* n-trait and W. Clini-ch Site of Fort P .Map -Operali biirir Portrait and York... Court-house, ( The batlei-ed Wind -mill i Pre-^coii . . Fort Wellinu Portrait and Pike Little York in Kemains of tl t<'rv Powder-mai; Map ^.-Mtack ■ Siirnaliire of.' Heniains of oli Oiil Fort at To View on the Lewiston . Entrance to tli Plan of Ope Mouth of tl A North Uivei Portrait and .'■ II. Merrill.. Hattle-irround Tail -|)iece - Store-houses Iniiial Letter. Portrait and S cob Mrowii. General Mrowi Liirlit-lioiise at Si'jiiature of (. Map -Operatii Harbor Saekett's Ilarb Map— Sackett'; Defenses. , . . Slirnalnre of II The .V'lc Orh'ii, Pike's Minium Ueniains of Fn Hlock-house. Si Mansion ofCie Whittlesey Uoi Si-^'iiature of C (iernian Cliiire Portraii and Si ra Secord . . , Beaver Dams and Surroun Siiriiature of.Ii liissliojjp's ^lo Interior of For Siiriiature of (1 Tail-piece-- F lire Initial Letter. . Piu'trait and I G. Swiu.. . . Siirnatnro of . Hold Siiriiature of .-V Portrait and Si ert Carr. ... Portrait andS Wilkinson . Siiriiature of M Mouth of Freii Bald Island a Flotilla.... Chrysler's in 1 Siiriiature of li Siiriiature of .1 Siiriiature of .T Map -Chryslei Siiriiature of ^ Place of Debii Salmon Kivi Lewis and Bo; tors Brown's Head Fac-simlle of Heniains of Fi Indian Armlet Li'_'hl-boiise ki Peel Island... ILLUSTRATIONS. XV 1 . . 4\>r> . . . ■»ii(i (). . . . 4(t!> i\'('r ... mm . .. 60il cn- ... W)5 . . . WMl . .. ftoT ib- ... ROT .. Wilt .. 500 rii: 610 ;ii- .. nil .. r>it .. Mt iiy 514 h- .. 51f. .. 517 .. 518 nr .. 518 .. 51!» .. 5-Jl .. 5L'l .. 5-.'l .. 5L'l ro .. 522 S. .. 52a . . 52,'! . . 524 le 52('. J. . . 52T p 52S It .. 52!) . 52! 1 h 5:i(l ■. 5:;2 , 5:!4 5:i5 5:!5 5:1"^ ; .""ills 5:;ii 5-10 5tl 542 5t;! 54;! M4 54^; W!» 4r.!>. 4TII. 471. 472. 47;i, 474, 475. 47ii. 477. 47'*. 470. 4S4. 4^5. 4^1). 4>7, 394. Iliirrison's Residence nt North I 40>5. Heiid I'li^'C 574 I a95. Iiiilhil I.ctliT 575 31M1. Itluck-liiiiisc lit llrix'kvillr. . . . 577 !t07. I'iirish's Sliirc-lidllM' 57-i 31»S. l')itr;iit iiiid Sit,'iiatiire of 1). \V. fliimii 57S nm\ site of Koi't I'l-fKciitutloii 5711 400. Miip-^Oiicnitioiis at ();,'deiiH- 1)1111,' 6'iO 401. Portrait and «lt;natnro of ,1. York 5S0 402. f"oiirl-lion-ic, ()','dciiKhnru' 5S0 4ii:i. 'I'lic l);Ulcrcd WiMd-niill 5S1 404. Wind - mill and Kiiins near I'iCMoti 5-*4 4S0 405. Kort \Vrlliiii;ton In IsHO 5S4 | I'^l 40ii. I'orlr.'dt and Sii;nalnre of Z. j 4s2 I'iUe 5S0 ! 4«.:t 407. Little York In l^Kl 5s7 40.S. UemainM of the We.stern But- tery ns'-' 400. Powder-niai,'iiziiu^ at Toronto !<■<'> 4ln. M.ip --Vttack on Little York.. 5'.mp 411. .Siiriiiitiu'i' of.Tohn Uoss 5;i2 1 412. Keniainx of olil Kort Toronto. .T.i;i 1 !■<->. 4i:!. O'd l''ort at Toronto In Isdil. . . 5!i;i i-^'.). 414. View (HI the .N'laLCar.-i near I.ewlHton 5!i5 400. 415. Kiitrani'e to the Xiai;ara Kiver 507 410. Plan of Operations at the 4!ll. Mouth of th(^ Niai,'ara 5!l!l 402. 417. A North Ulver Ste.ini-lioat. . (iol 4!Ki. 41s. i'nrlrait anil Sii,'natMre of \V. 11. Merritt 002 4!I4. 410. Hatlle-irronnd of Sionv Creek On;! 420. Tail-|)ieee • De-itrnet'ion of -lOS. Store-houses (iOl) 421. Tnilial Letter 007 4'Hi. 422. Portrait and Sii,'natnre of .la- 4'I7. eol) lirown (lOS 4Iis. 423. (ieneral Mrown's Mouuiuent.. (ins 424 Liu'ht-hoiise at Horse Island.. (!ii;i -lO!). 42,'>. Si'.'nature (if (,'apt. .Miilc.ister. 010 .MIO. 420. Map --Oper.itions at .Sacketl's ,501. llarlMir 012 427. S.iekett's Harbor in Isll oi;i r>l)i. 42S. .Map— Saekett'sllarhoraudits ,'in;!. Deleu.se.s ».. 014 1 42!i, Si'.'nalm-e of Henry Kckford.. 015 ' .'in4. 4;!tl. The .\V"' Orli'dii.i Old ,'.05. 4;il. Pike's Monument Old .■>nfi. 4;!2. Remains of Kort I'ike 017 , .'lOi. 4;i:i. liloek-house.Sacketl's Harbor 017 i ,'>os. 4:14. M.insion of (ieneral P.rown... OH ' .''lO!). 4;i,'>. Whitlli'sev Kock, W.ati'rtovvn. dls .mo. 4:10. SiL,'nature'of ('.(i. liicrstler. . . 02o : 511. 4:!7. (Jerinan Churi'li 020 4;i"<. Portrait and Sii,'uatiire of Lan- 512. ra Seeord 021 4.'!9. Heaver Dams Hattle-pronnd 513. and SurroundinL's 024 440. SiL'nature of .lames Dittrick.. 024 514. +U. l{issl!opi)'s Monument 02s 515. 442. Interior of l<'ort \lai,'ara 0:;4 5I(;. ■14:1. Siu'uatnre of (ieneral .\. Hall. 0;i5 517. 444. Tail-pieee — Farm-house on 51s. tire 0;!7 519. 44.5. Initial Letter 037 440. Portrait and Si;,'nature of J. .520. (KSwiu o;is 447. Si^'nature of Joseph Ploom- 521. Held (i:!!l ' ,522. 44''. SiiTuatureof .\. l)e Salaherry. 0;!!i ,523. 449. Portrait iind Sii^nature of Uo'b- ertt'arr ... 040 524. 450. Portrait and Sifjinituro of.Ias. Wilkinson 040 ,525. i^X. SiL'u.'iture of W. Hani|)ti)n. . . . 04S j .52(i. 4,'>2. .Month id' Kreiu'h Creek ('49 ,527. 4,5;!. liald Island and Wilkinson's Flotilla 0,50 I ,52S. 4.54. Chrysler's in ls.55 0.52 ; .52!i. 4,'>5. Si',;n;itnre of I{ol)'l Swartwout 052 j 5:!0. 4.50. SiL'uature of .1. .\. Coles 0,5;! ,5;!1. 4.57. Si^'nature of.L Walhaeh 0.53 V)^. Map— Chrysler's Field 0,54 ,532. •1,59. SiirnatiiriMif M. Mvers .. ().54 .5:i;!. 400. Place of Deharkation on the ,5;i4. Salmon Kiver ('),55 ,5;!5. 401. Lewis and Itoyd's Head-quar- ters " 0,50 ,530. 402. Bro\vn'.s Head-quarters 0,5i; .5:!7. 403. Fac-simile of written Placard 05s .'■>;;s. 404. Heniains of Fort Carleton 0.59 j ,5;!!i. 4(!.5. Indian .\rmlet 0('iO 401!. Liirhl-honse kept by Johnston Oiil ! ,510. 407. Peel Island OOll.-^^l. Portrait and Sl^nntiiro of W. Johnston Pa};e Johnston's Commlsshni French .Mills in Isdo SiLrnalnre of James Campbell The lilock-house Well Si'iiature of Peter lirouse. . . . Victoria .Medal Initial Letter Interior of old FiU't Norfolk. . Si'.;iiatnre cd" \. M'l.nwv Siiinaliire of Admiral Cock- biini Landiie_'-pl,iceof the British at Havre de (ir,ie(^ The Prinirlc llciuse Fpiscop.il Church •lo'iin O'Neil's Sword (ieneral ViewofCraiu'V Island Sl'^'iiature ol'.lds. Tarliell .Sii;ualnre id'.I. Saiiilers Portrait and Si(,'nature of W. H. Shiibrick Portrait and Sij^nature of Uoh- ert Taylor SiL'uature of li. J. Neale Portrait and Si^rnature of Ja». Faulkner Plan of Operations at Craney Island Si.'uature of .lo.siah Tattnall.. The (''iiftfii'ilc Vii^w at Hampton Creek in ls,5:! Plan of Operations at llainp- tou Head -quarters of Heekwith and Cockliurn Tiritish Consul's IKuise OystiT Fisliiiiir KiMnMius (if I''orlillcationR on Cr.iiu'v Inland Block-house (Ui Craney Island M.airazine on Craney (slaiul.. Landiuu'-place of the liritish at Murphy's Kirby House Soldiers' Monunteut at Point Pleasant Osceola's (irave Fntrauce to lionaveuture .sii;na.ure of T. M. Hardy Xew Loudiiu in isi;; LiLdit-house at New London.. Si^'nature of II. I'.urheck Murheck's Monuiueut Commodore UodLiers's Monu- ment Ancient Hloek-house at Fort Trumbull New I.ondcui Harbor from F(U't Trumbull The old Court-honso Initial Letter The Lawrence Medal Hornet and Pe.icock Siixnature of .Sam. Kvans Fae-similo of Lawrence'.s Let- ter Fac-simile of Brokc's C'hal- leuL'e Tlu? Clicsnjx'nkv disabled Portrait of Captain Bnike. . . . SliKiiiKiii and Oimtrpiitke at Halifax Portrait and Slj^nature of Jas. Lawrence Siirnalure of Admiral Warren Admiral Warren's Seal Silver Plate presented to (Jap- tain Broke ... SJL'nature of (ieorire Budd. . , . ('(dhus Lawrence Memoriiil Montiinent of Lawrence nncl Ludlow Lawrence's earlv Monument. Portrait of W. H. .Mien Lieutenant .Mien's Monument (iraves of Burrows, Blvth, and Waters ' The Burrows Medal The M'Call Medal Initial Letter Portrait and Siirnature of D. Porter The miirhty (iattanewa The Kiiwx and her Prizes I 542. 002 ' 5i;i. oo:: 004 .544. 0(i5 515. 005 ,Vili. Odil ,517. 000 54s. 007 Oils 1 519. COS I Win. 009 : 551. 552. 071 5,5:;, 072 551. 072 .'>.55. 07; I 5.5ti. 075 075 070 070 077 07s 07« 079 r>.5s. 5,59. ,500. ,5dl. 502. ,50;i. 501. ,505, ,m;o. .507. OsO • .5ds. OsO ,509. 570. ,571. OSl Os;i Os;; Os5 (;s5 574'. OsO ,579. (isO ,5S0. Os(! 5S1. 0S7 OSS OS!) o;io 091 091 0!i2 (!!I4 Oii4 094 0!10 097 0!>7 0!I7 (■.!ls 700 700 701 702 5S2. 5s;!. 5S4. ,5s5. 5S0. 5s7. ,5sS. 5s!l. ■5! I". ,5!ll. 5112. .5!i;i. .594. .5!I5. .590. ,5!I7. ,5!'s. .5!!!). 000. 001. 0(r2. 0:! OOi!. "(Mi ■ 004. 707 , 00,5. • 000. 70s 709 709 709 '■ j no' 007. i;(is. 00!l. 01(». 711 on. 712 012. 712 , 01:!. I 014. 713 i (;15. 71;! I 010. 715 : 017. 710 , OlS. t 019. 71^ : ('>2o. 71!t (!21. 720 022. 721 j 0'23. 721 ! (i'24. 72S Ii2.5. 729 I 020. Maniuesas nmin Paije 730 Battle of the /•.'nwu', l'hrehi\a\\A rliiriih 7.3.1 David Porter's Moimment 7;i4 Initial Letter 7;!H Si(;nalure of Fulwar Skipwilh 740 Siirnalure of llnnh Can>pl)ell. 740 Portrait ,inil Siirnature of (Ien- eral Kobertson 747 Sii.'iiatnre cd'Sam Dale 749 .Map- Seat of War in Southern Alabama 751 Fort Minis 750 Portrait of .lohn Cofl'ee 759 Initial Letter 700 Map Battle of Tallade),'a 7(16 Clailiiirne L.andiui.' 770 .Map Scat (if the Creek WnT in Iiiper .Mabama 778 Alap llattle of the Horseshoe 7^0 Initial Letter ~Ki SiL'iiatnre (d'N. Macon 7h4 KmbarL'o a Caricature 7^6 Death id' the Terrapin 7s7 Siiri'.ature cjf J. Mason 7sS SiLrnature (d'C. Van De Venter 7SS .SiL'natnre nl' (ieiirL'e (ilasLTow 7S8 MaiJ-Aflair at L,i ('(.lie Mill. 790 La Colic Mill and Block-house 791 The disin.aiitled Siiih rinr 7!I4 Sir J. L. Veo 795 Attack nil Oswe;:o 79() Siirnature n( \. Briuison 79(! Siirnature nf H. KaL'le 797 Siirnature of M. M'Nair 797 Fort at ( Isweiro in ls.55 79s Place of llattle at Sandv Creek 7"'t Otis's House, Sandv Creek. .. soo Si-natnie of Alfred Kly .sO(» .Siirnature id' Harmon Khic . . soi Portrait of.Ieha/.iel Howard. , sol lied Jacket's Medal s(i2 Piirlrait (d' lied .lacket S0;i Prolile aii'l SiL'iiature of Wil- liam M'Kee SO!! Portrait and Siirnature of C. K.dardiier S05 Siiriiiiture of (ieneral Hiall... so.'i Street's Creek BridL'e SOO Heniains of TOle-de-liont Bat- tery sn7 Siirnature id'Joseph Treat .... so7 Street's Creek Brid;re, lookiuir North SOS (ieneral Towson's (irave son Map Baltic nf Ci,ii)pewa slO Siirnature of Worth sl'J Worth's M( liniment .si 2 Jdiies's .Miitiument sp.; Alouth id I.voii's Creek si:; Initial Letter sic, View at Liindy's Lane sis Portrait and Sifrnaturc of J. Miller S20 Miller's Medal s-Jl Portrait of John M'Neil S21 Flair of the 'I'wcntv-tiflh s22 Map— BatUe of Niairuni Falls .S23 Scott's Medal S-.O Siirnature of Wititield Scott. . . S2,) Siirnature of ,Ias. Cummiiiirs.. S2V llospiial near Lundv's Lane.. S'js Wooden Slab ." s-.>s Heniains of DoULdass's Bat- tery and Fort Krie. s:)0 Portrait and Siirnature of K. P.daines 831 Drunimoiid's Secret Order. . . . s;i'.J (iaines's Medal Siiti Portrait and Siirnature of P. B. Porter S3S Porter's Tomb s'iS Map -Sii'L'e of Fort Erie s;)S) Wood's Monument S4n Brown's Medal s41 Brown's ({old Box k41 Siirnature of F. W. Ripley S42 Porter's Medal s42 Seal of the Citv of New York. S42 Siirnature of lie Witt Clinton S42 Riplev's Medal S43 Portniit of Robert White S44 Fac-simile of White's Writing 844 Portrait and Siirmiturc of O. Izard .S4B Ruins of Fort Krie S4(> Fort Erie Mills 84T Si''uature of James Sloim S4T XVI (127. SoldlcrV Moniiiiirnt PnRO fi-JS KMi'v'h .Miiriiiiiii'nl ^■''•' Siu'iiiiliircMif |{. VDimiill NWi .Miip AI'ArltiiU'V K.ild sfi'.' I'lii-lriiit iil'Ofiicral Srott NM ImIiImI l,clt('r HM roitr.iii ..nil .SlKiialuro of T. ,\lii((l(iiiiMii;li ''W' (i:il. .IiiiL't! .Mcmiic'h IIdUho .HftT f;:!.'). Sii;iialiin' 1)1' 1). Iti'<'t It- .Mcna'rn ■S'>'' I'diiialt ami .Sit,'naliiro of A. Mac(iinl) ••*"!' .Saiii|i>-nii'H >i!>'J .Map l-'orllllcalloiiM at I'lattH- IllM-L- ««<• 041. M. .Siiiilli'H .Moniirnciit Mil fi:i(i. riiii. <;:ii;. (i;!7. .sc.s ,s(is 'I'lii' .Saranac Mc.iilcy'.s^MiMlal ('iivslM'f<'.Mi'ilal I'.iilrall and Si:,'naturc of 11. I'aiildliiir. ^"W (Mil. Virw from Cnnilu'rlaiid Head S7(i (!,'>n. .\l.i|) -Nav.'d .\clioii S7I (IM. .Macdiiiioni.'li's Dispalch (i,Vj. I'di-irai' and Slir. ol'.I. Smith . (i,s;i. Ilaltlc nf I'latlslim-L' (!fM. The Saianai'al I'ike'Ht'iuitoli- nu'nt Oftr>. Itiiins of Korl Urowii Cftil. .Vnilk'ry (^aadrant (iM. (icnrraf Minjcrs's (iravc (ifts. riilicil S'alcs llulcl (J.V.i. .M:in)inl) 1 Miinaiiu'nt Clin. .MaiMinli'- .Medal (iiil. M,inii,i'_'li's .Medal Oii'.'. Maidonii. '.di's Farm-house... (i():i. |)iiwiii<''..< (iravo OiM. View ill lleeUniaiitown (ill.'i. Snjiliers' (iravi's fiiJil. Map -Seat of War Gll7. Sliire-liiin.-es CiW. Moii(M>'.« llmise (ii'i'.i. W.iolsev's House (1711. Hall in .Nlo(ier,s's llonse ^' (ill. I'ortrait and Si;,'naliue of !•'. (Jre^'ory •■■-.') C7'.'. roiirait and Siiiiialnre oi'M. Crane --<> C7,'l. CraiK 's Mmniinent ^Mi (i74. Porlrait and Signature of 1. Chaiineey. S''7 (17.'). Cliauneey'." MominicMit >'^7 (1711. Inilial l.etler .s>s (177. Porlrait and Sii,'iiatiire of J. .Monliionierv. SIM G1<. Fort Piekorini,' ^'.'l 07!i. t'airass -:M (IMI. SioiiiiiL'toii Flat; S'.H (i^l. The Colli) II011...1' s'.iil 0>'J. Deni.-on'.s Moniinient Mill C: ;. Porlrait and Si^'initnro of J. Slierl)rooke. .'. siiT CS4. Fort I'orter. Ca^tine vi7 S7-.' 7:111. S7'.> 7:17. s7:i 7:1s. 7;ii>. S74 s-,h 7li». s7,s 74l. s7ll S7H 742. .''77 s7s 74;). '>7'' s7!i 7tt. ^7!i 71,'). SMI 7 111. SSII 717. >s| 71-^. .S^'J 7l'.i. s^.J 7.'iii. s 1 7.',1. ILLUSTUATIONS. 712. Portrait and Sluimturo of A. II. Iloliiie-M Pa;;o 014 7l.'t. DeiiJHOiiVCiravc !M4 714. Tall-pleie -Itonib-iihoi; IHft 71ft. Iiillhil Letter iMd 7111. Siirnalnre of P. .'tliart UIO 717. Portrait and SI,'iialiiro of D. I,.Cliii('li 017 71H. Portrait and fSI,'iiutiirc of W. II. Winder l)ls 711). Sii,'rialiire of ll.Carliery (I2(i 7'.'(i. Slu'iiatnre of ,1, I'. Van 'NiiMM. . li2(l 721. Sii.'iiatMre ofT. K. SiaiiHbiiry.. 1)21 722. Sli.'iiaiiir(' otM. Slerett 1(21 72;!. Niiiiiatllie of W. Smith !I22 721. Sii.'iialnre of S. West ll'JU 72ft. Sii;iiatnre of W. 1). Deall »2'.' 72(1. Sii;natlire ofW. Seott (122 727. Sii;iialnri' of .J. TUtrhiniin il22 72S. Old Mill, IlladeiiHliiir;; 024 7211. Ilridire at liladenslniru' 027 7:111. Hesideliee ofJ. I'. Kive.^i 027 7:11. |tiielini.'-i.'rotind, UladenHhiirj; 02s 7:12. Si._'iialare of J. Davidson Ol'S 7:1:1. Map-Ilallle of IlladeiLshiiri;.. 020 7114. Porlrait and Si;,'iiaturo of J. Harney Olid 7:i,V liarney'H Sprliif: 0;il " ■ Dnllet 0:U 0:12 OHii OIU 0:14 o;i5 770. 7^11. 7sl. (oft. SiLniatiir(Mjf K. llarrie s;is : 71;',!, (Isii. (ieneral lllake's House s;is : 7711, (ls7. Crosby's Wliarf s;i;i CSS. Portr.ait and SiL'naturi! of C. | .Morris On'i i Morris's Jloiiiiinent '.ml 1 Town-house, Hampden '.M12 Heed's Shop !I02 Keinains of Fort (ieorire !io:i ! C'Jii. Si:,'natiiro and Seal of U. Gos- "selin on.') Yankee Doodle Upset 0(i4 liill(!i-heail ofCiiiixlitiitioii onft Fort I'ickeriiii:, Salem Onil Hemains of Fort hco Oiiil M.irlilehead Harbor Oli7 Fort Sew.-ill ;iiatlirc of 1). Madison Portrait and Si;;nutnrc of J Darker 03C Porlrait and Sijinaturo of U. H.Gleiu' n;i7 Siu'iiainre of 1). Wadsworth.. . OUS Fort WashiiiL'li'i) OilO Skelili of Torpedo 040 The I'll known 042 Harlow's Vault 042 Kaloraina 042 Cenotaiih 04;t (ierrv's .Monnment 04:i Initild l.eller 044 Porlrait and Si;;, of P. Parker. 04(1 Porlrait and Sii;. of S. Smith . 047 Moiitebello 047 Kodtrers'sli.istion 040 MelhodisI .Meelin^'-lionsc 05d Porlrait and Siu'initiire of J. Strieker O.IO Portrait and Si^'iiattiie of I). M-DoiiLrall 0,'>2 liallle of North Point 0,'-):i liallle-llaL,' 0,'M Siu'iialnre of M. Hird O.'M Fori M'lleniy in Isill o,'M Si^'iiatiire of ,1. 11. Nieholson.. 0,'')ft SiLrnatiire ofS. I.aiie Porlrait and Sitinattire of (}. Armisiead SiL'nature of F. S. Key. . Siar-sp,iiii:led Hanne'r. . The .\rinislead Vase. . . . 711. ..Xrinistead's .Monument. 71. Si^'iialnre of W. K. Arniistcad Oilii 72. llallle M iment OtU 7:1. The City Sprim.', Haltimore.. . 0(12 74. Portrait" and Si._'. of J. Lester. 0(i:! 7ft. .North Point llaltle-irroiinil. .. 0(!:i 711. .Monnment where Uoss fell.. 77. Hemains of Circular Haltery. is. Slate Foneible SiLrnalnr(^ of 1). D. Toiniikiiis 70S. Portrait and Sl>:nnttirc of,!. Illakeley l'»^;e 070 700. Itlakelev's .Medal OSU Sdo. J'ortrail and Si^jimliirL' of L. WarrliiL'ton OSl SOI. Warrin^'ton's Medal 0s2 sd2. Illllet-head of Cmdic lisft siill. Stewarl's Medal Os(I SI14. Stewart's Uesldeiiep Osil soft. Stewart's Sword OSO Sdd. Portrait and Simialiire of G. St 'Wiirl nsT S07. Porlrait and SiL'nature of 8. Decatur O.'^.S Pecaliir's Momimeiit OSl) Portrait and Sii;. of J. lIUUllo 000 Hiddle's Medal 001 Privateer Scli ..mer 003 -. Siirnatiire of Admiral Sawyer 004 sl;i. Pordait and Sifrnaliire of S. ('. Held 1004 Initial Letter Inns Sij;ni|tiire of .\. J. Armstrong; lOU Portrail and Sii'iiatiire of A. J. Dallas 1011 Siiinatnre of T. Jesiip lOKI Si^'iialiires of the Members of the Hartford (.'onvention. . 1014 t'aricatnre loin SOS. sdO, slo s|l. SI 2. SI4. SI, ft. SlU. SI 7. sis. S10. 7ft I 7.M1. 7,ftO. 71IO. 7ni. 7112. 711:1. 7iM. 7i;ft. 7H(i. Vili. Oftft Oftft O.ftll Oft7 Olio Olio 0(M OCft {Mill '.•70 SiLrnatiiro of Morirai: Lewis... 07d Fori Stevens and Mill Hock.. 071 7S2. Tower at llallett's Point 071 7s:i. Fortifications around New York 072 754. Mill Hock Fortitications 07:1 7sft. Fort Clinton 07:i 7Si!. Fort CliiiloiiandllariemUiver 07:i 7s7. -M'Gowan's Pa.ss 074 755. North Haltery 074 7so. View from Fort Fish 074 700. Coiirteiiay's, I'lid Tower 07ft 701. Hemains of Hlock-hoiise '.•7ft 702. .M'Gowan's Pass in l-'ilO 0 7o:i. Sifrnatnre of A. and N.lSrown. 07( 704. Iron-clad Ves.sel 07(: 70.1. Section of Floaliiij; Battery.. . 077 70(1. Fiilfiiii till' Firnt ',177 707. Initial Letter 07; 520. The llermitaL'C 1017 521. PortraitofW.C.t'. Claiborne Idl'.l 522. Porlrait of A.. Jackson PrjO S2;i. Map -Attack on Fort Dowyer 1021 .S24. Jackson's City llead-qnarlers 1024 S2ft. Portrait of .Major I'laiiche. . . 1024 S2I1. Patterson's iMoiuiment 1020 S27. Map— Fi^'htofGnii-boatHand Harires 102(5 S2S. C'athedial ill New Orleans.. . 1027 S20. Fort St.,loliii 102s Slid. VilUnv's .Mansion 1020 8:11. Portrait of DiHa Honde IdilO s:i2. Lacosle's .Mansion Idilt s;i:i. Map— AlTairlxdow N.Orleans ld:i2 s:;i. Portrait of De Lacy F;vans... lo:i2 s:ift. A Tennessee Fhif,''. Idll.'i s:i(l. Inilial Letter 1d:i4 s:t7. De la Homle's Mansion Id;i4 s:is. Mai) -Seat "f ^V'ar in Lonisi- iina Idllfl 8.W. Jackson's Ilead-qnarterH 1d:i7 .S40. Chalmelte's Plantation Id:i0 541. Map- Hatlle of New Orleans HMO 542. Hemains of a (.'anal 1042 s4:!. Planchc's Tomb liilil S14. Yoii's Tomb Id4a s4ft. Map— Position of Troojis ld44 S4(l. Battle of New Orleans In47 s47. Monnment lots s4s. Pecan-trees In.fto s40. Map— Fort St. Philip Idftl s.fto. Jackson's Medal 10,ft2 sftl. Jackson's Draft 1d,'>3 s,ft2. Sii;nalnre of D. A. Hall 10,ft4 s,'):t. The (.)ld Court-house 10,ft4 s,'i4. Ashland 1055 sftft. Hodley's Grave, s.ftd. Jackson's Toml sft7. Clay's Mouunient Id.ftC sfts. (irave of Daniel liooiit; IdftO s,')0. Kentucky Soldiers' Monu- ment 1057 SCO. Portrail and Sif,'nature of F, Uobertsoii Sill. Portrait of A. llenner S1I2. .lapan Plum s(i:i. Portrail of,L Q. Adams S1I4. Portrait of J. A Bayard. lOftS 10,ftJ 10,158 m.-vs llW.i 10,')0 10(10 soft. Adams's Homes loili) silti. View of Ghent IniU SI17. Cipher Writiiiu' 1001 S(ls. Fae-simile of MS. of Treaty ofGhent 10112 8(10. Seal and Si;;, of (Jambier ln(12 s70. Seal and Sij:. of (ioulburn. .. I0112 S71. Seal and SIl,'. of W. Adams .. 10112 s72. Seal and Sii;. of J. (X Adams. 1002 s7;i. .Seal and Siu'. of.r. A. Hayard 10(12 S74. .Seal and Siu. of 11. Clay lOllH s7,ft. Seal and Sii.'. of J. Russell ... loiUi s7(l. Seal and SiL'.orA.(!allatin.. lOCia ft I S77. Por'l and Sit;, of ('. Ilusbes. 10(1.'! ft s7s. Medal of (iralitnde 10115 S70. Treaty of Peace Medal sso. Alle^'orical Picture— Peace. . Ssl. Dartmoor Prison SS2. Tail-piece — Civil and Mili- tary Power. 10(15 10(10 10(18 1073 1 Before Iho and "slushed" nailing on clcoi flaj;, and placei British had a h rial (iovernmei Britain to the 1 thority iu the 1 V . . !isr> . lisil . li.sO .' !)ST 1. . IISS . IWl) U !l!IO . !I!P| . WKI r !I!I4 ' 10(14 liins ■ lull 1011 liu;i UiH 11115 1(117 (' liiii) . UI'M r lO'.'l s \Wi . lOJt . KIL'S 1 in'2() Kl'.'T III'.'K IIKII) iii:i2 iii;i2 lii:i;i Kl.'it io;)4 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE WAR OF 1812. CIIAPTEll I. "I POP, I SPO, FrpP(li)in';< PHtaWislipd rpisrn; oiticc, iind iiipii, IS'imu'ri'i.s an Piiiiils upon tliP (ici'iiii whorp, And V . i.trx ri^'iii;; where the huh de.^epiKlH ! Till' Ohio soDB Hliiill ),'lide by miiny it town or Hole; and where the .ilixHi/iHijiiii Hlream, Hy fiire.'itH shaded, now riuiH Hweepln;; on, NationH nhall u'row, and ntates not le.sH in fame Than (Jreece and Home of old. We, too, nhall bonst (Jnr SelpioH, Holoiin, C'ntoH, Kafien, chiefn. That in the lap of Time yet dormant lie, Waiting tho Joyous hour of life and light." PniLip Fheneau, 1775. Dft^f^-^^-i^VS' r:;te^ '/./'j' Citizen UCII was the proplieoy of an Amer- ^{M(iy^^'- ''***^ icun poet •\vhoii the war for his •^' ' country's inclcpondcnce liatl just been kuidled; and :^f ; similar wore the prescient visions of tlie statesmen and sages of tliat liour, who, in the majesty of con- scious rectitude, decreed tlic dismemberment of a mighty empire and the establishment of a nation of freemen in the New World. Their rebellion instantly assuiucd the dignity of a revolution, and commanded the respect and sympathy of the civilized nations. Their faith was per- fect, and under its inspiration they contended gallantly for freedom, and won. We, their children, have seen the minstrel's prophecy fulfilled, and all the bright visions of glory that gave gladness to our fathers paled by a splen- dor of reality that makes us proud of the title — American When, on the 25th of November, 1 783, John Van Arsdale, a ' sprightly sailor-boy of sixteen years, climbed the slushed flag-staif in Fort George, at the foot of Broadway, New York, pulled down the British ensign that for more than seven years had floated there, and un- furled in its place the banner of the United States,' the work of the Rev- olution was finished. As the white sails of the British squadron that bore away from our shores the last armed enemy to freedom in Amer- 1 liefore Ihc Uritish left Fort George they nailed their colors to the cummit of the flag-staff, knocked off the clcetf", and "ulUKhcd" the pole from top to bottom, to prevent its being climbed. Van Arsdale (who died in lS3ti) ascended by nailing on dceti', and applying sand to the greased flag-staff. In this way he reached the top, hauled down the British flag, and placed that of tlie United States in its position. It is believed by some that the nailing of the flag there by the British had a higher signiflcauce than was visible in the outward act, namely, a e(mii)Jiance with orders from the impe- rial government not to strike the flag, as in a formal surrender, but to leave it flying, in token of the claim of Great Britain to the absolute proprietorship of tho country then abandoned. It was believed that the absence of British au- thority in the United States would be only temporary. B V IS riCTOUlAL I'lKLU-UUOK The hop«» of the AmorlciiiiH not rvMiml ^ They were tVee. but not Innrpcndrnt. lea becaiiio mero HpockH upon tlio horizon in tlio ovcnini^ sun to tlio Htrnininf» ojcs of c'a<'t'r tliuusivntis f,"'^zinjj; seaward hryond the Narrows,' tlio idea of absolute intlepeiul- cnco took nossossion of the mind and heart of every true Anieriean. lie saw the visi- ble bonds of Ih-itish thrakloni fall at his feet, and his pulse beat hijj;li with the inspira- tion of conscious freedom, and tlu' full assurance that the power and inlliience of llrit- ish sovereignty had departed fron> his country forever. Alas! those natural, and generous, and patriotic, and hopeful emotions were falla- cious. Thev were born of a beautiful theory, but dcrivcid no real Kustenance from so- ber facts. They were the poetry of that hour of triumph, entrancing the spirit and kindling the imagiiuition. They gave unbounded pleasure! to a disenthralled people. Hut there were wise and thoughtful men among them who had communed with the teachers of the Past, an|itl()ii or.Iiihti AiliiiiiH III KiikIiiixI. W'liy ilio Amorlcani wore not liiilp|)<set, the ISrilish cmbassailor at I'aris, had treated him most kindly at Auteuil, and had as kindly prescribed a gay court-dress to bo worn by tho ei'ibassador at his tirst pr jsentation to the king on his majesty's birth--UUUK TIlK l,<>lltfU« of HlAtOK. Tho Htntcs nut p«r)vprrti{n. Thi> IMititlr Dnht. lU!}', comiuissioiiors were appoinlnl l»y tlic Coiiliiifiilal ('oiiufross to iicj^'otiatc for |icact< Willi (iivat Miitaiii. Tlial mj^otiatiuri was siiccossl'nl, and, in SfpU inbrr, IThm, u ih'lin- • Hci.tombcr u, '^'^'^ t'"*^'"'}' ^^■"•'* Nig"i''l »•' I'iiiif*' by tlio ri-spoclivf roninii.osioiuTN' (ifllm iisu. i^vo pjvi'rniuontM. It was Hiil»s('(|ui'ntly ralilitd l>y tlio Coiigri-sH aiul tliu Crown. In llio (ir^t artirli! of tlio treaty all llit) htatcs ol'llui l,i'au;iic were named, for llu! simple purpofiu of di'linilcly di'clarin^ what, proviiici-s in llic Ni'W World lornicd "Tlio I'liited States of Aiiu'rica," uh tliero were IJritisIi, Kivnoli, and Spanisli provinces tlicro not nicnilKMs ol'llie Li'au'iU' ; and also liccaiisc tlicy were lield to he, on the part of llio Knglisli, indcpeiulciit ii'piiljlics, as tlicy had been colonies iniU'peiideiit of eaeli ollier.2 Tlie Lenj^iic now assinned a national altitude, and tlie powers of tlic Confederacy wore Hpeedily tested. Tlie bri^lil visions of material prosperity tlial yladdeiied tlie liearls ol'tlio Aimrieans al tlie close of tlio war soon laded, and others more sombre appeared when the linancial and commercial condition of tho formiiij^ republic was contemplated with candor. A debt of seventy millions of dollars lay npon the shouhler.s of n wasted people. About forty-l'onr millions of that amount was owini; by the Federal j^ovcrn- Mient (almost ten millions of it in Kurope), and the remainder by the individual slates. Those di'blH had boon incnrrod in carrying on tlio war. Kvcn while issuini; their paper money in abundance, the Conu;ress liad commenced borrowinuf; and when, in 17H0, their bills of cieilit became worthless, borrowiiii^ was the chief monetary resource of the jjovernmont. This, of course, could not t^o on lon<; without iiivolvinj^ the republic in embarrassments and accomplishiiii^ its final ruin. The restoration of the public credit or the downfall of tho infant republic was the alternative presented to the American peojtio. ' Hop note 2, piific 1'^. » Tlic iiilv(](atcs of tli(< nilsr)iU'viiii« poUtlral (lucii'lnc known n« Rupromo ntntf itnvnHimtii, wIiohc ftinilnmcntnl doKmn i?< tliiil IIk' f tali's tlii'ii fdrmliif,' tlic iiichiialc rcpiilillc wcrr ab.^nlntcly iiutipnulfiit MnnrciiiiitirH, linvr clti'd iIiIm naniliitf of lilt' r-i'vcral slalcM III Dial Ircal.v In Mipp,)rl nf tliclr virw.-. The Hlatc.-. were liiilrpciKlciit fumuiiiiiwnililiH, \m\ not minr- li'WtifH. Tlial term iniplit's no Kiipcrior. The iiilonli's and !"tati's hail lu'vrr limi In tliiit I'xalli'd position. Tlicy wprr ilopcndi'iirli'i ofOrcat [tiilaln until llii' Dorlaratlnn of Inilrpi'iiili'iiic was proniiilL'alrd, wlii'ii lliry linincdiati'ly ii-i^iiinod till' position of I'ipials In a National Lcaciic, iuknowl('di;liiu' llii' mnciiil u'ovi'innit'nt wliirli tliey IIuim cKtalilislicd i\f tin- supiciue coutroUiuj,' power, having a broad idi,'not for the commou um', boarliiK tlio words, "Seal of the Uulicd Stales," FinST OnKAT REAI, OF THE rNITrll HTATEK.* ns Us Inflfnim of nnthority. When n treaty of ponrc was to be iieiroliated, thr states did not onch choose n rnmnii''- sloner for tho i)nrpose, but these atrcnts wore appointed by tho (ienoral Conirross, as representatives of the nallonality of the Confederation, without reference to any particular states. And when, a few years later, the people ("We the people" Is the phrase) formed and ratllled a yntioiml r„ni,tiliiti„n, they disowned all independent state unviTiinittn, and reserved to the states only municipal rights, the exorcise of which should not bo in contravcutiou of the oriraiiic law of the land. • For a history (with ilhistrations) of this first Great Seal of the United States, see a paper in Harper's Uanaziiu, vol. sill., p. ITS, ^vritton by the author of thl.i work. AUcmpi* to rriiiH With a del put forth all prclimin.'iry '1 of pcrmaiieiii and, on tho \ necessary to^ lio credit, nii latiM ' the Cot essary to tho the public do years, Hpceilii others, the n jirincipal of I to establish f( iiiLf each its | of duties on article of tho until accedeil This propel adopted by tli iiiLj three ye: what each st were willinir Congress wit joct," thoy s This first li was a signal I tween tho stn tor, whoso vii tenacious of it It was speed i inevitable ro| Tho Loagii tlons with ot ministry, und^ devised genci by engendorc iient Karl of ( E.xclioquer. between that for tho regul British West open to tlio 0 In this pro mony betwct among tlic si ' Jonnial of Co had been signed, i 2 Tho following !63'2,ais ; Connoeti Marjdnnd, $141,,M' ' Tlic resoliilior publican," wore pi ii> HtntoK. Willi !nl(ilfriiiiiiati()ii to roston tliut piililio cruilit, tho (iciior.'ilConj^rcss iimnciliutcly pill forth all its Htruiii^th in efVorts to proiliicu hiu'Ii ii result. A ti^w wi'dUm uflt'r tho |iii'liiiiiiiary 'I'lfaty of I'^acu was sigiicil, tho Coiij^itsn dcclaivtl that " tho ostahlisluiuMit of pcniiaiii'iit and adi-cpiatu fiiiuls uii taxus or (liilics, which Nliall oponttu {^oiiorally, ami, on llu! wholf, in just proportion, throiit^hont tin; rnilLMl Slates, is indisprnsahly necessary toward doinj^ coiiiplcU' jiislieu lu tho piihlic creditors, for restoring |iiil)- lio tM'edit, and for providing; for tho fiiluro exigencies of tho war."' Two niontlis later" the Congress recoiMineiidcd to tho Kovoral states, as " iiidispensahly noc- . April is, essary to tho restoration of piihlic. credit, and to the piiimtiial ilischaigo of ''"'''■ the pnhlio dchls," to vest the Congress with power to levy, for a period of tweiity-Civo yours, Hpccifuul duties on certain imported articles, nnd nn ad valorem duty on all others, the reveiiiie therefrom to ho applied solely to tho ])aynient of tho interest and ]>rincipal of tho piililic doht. It was also proposed thiit the states should ho reijuired to establish for tho same time, and for the same oliject, siihslantial revenues for supply- ing each its jtroportion of oiio million five liiindrctl thousand dollars annually, exclusive of duties on imports, tho proi)orlion of each state to ho fixed according to tho eighth article of the organic law of the League.-' This linaneial .syhlem was nut to tako ctVect until acceded to by ovcry state. This jiroposition was approved by the loading men of tho country, but it was not adopted hy iho several states. They all took action ujion it in tho course of the succeed- ing three years, but that action was rather in tho form of overtures — indications of what each state was willing to do — not of positive law. All the states except two were willing to grant the required amount, but they were not disposed to vest the Congress with tho rcii(1/, uoi /xiirti; liiat ought to bo the ob- joct," they said. "The former will p.iy our dtOls, tho latter nuiy destroy our lifter- This first important cfTort of tho Congress to assume the functions of sovereignty was a signal failure, and the beginning of a series of failures. It excited a jeidoiisy be- tween the state and general governments, and exposed the utter impotency of tho lat- ter, whoso vitality depended upon the will of thirteen distinct legislative bodies, each tenacious of its own peculiar rights and interests, and miserly in its delegation of power. It was speedily made manifest that tho public credit must bo utterly destroyed by the inevitable repudiation of the public debt. The League were equally unfortunate in their .attempts to establish commercial rela- tions with other governments, and especially with that of (Ircat IJritain. Tho Liberal ministry, under tho Earl of 8helburno when the preliminary Treaty of Peace Avas signed, devised generous measures toward the Americans. Encouraged by a lively hope there- by engenderod, American commerce began to revive. William Pitt, son of tho emi- nent Earl of Chatham, then at the age of only twenty-four years, was Chancellor of tho Exchequer. With a clear perception of the value to Great Britain of friendly relations between that government and tho new republic, he introduced a bill into Parliament for tho regulation of commerce between the two countries, by which trade with the British West India Islands and other colonial possessions of the crown was thrown open to the enterprise of the merchants of tho United States. In this proposed measure was involved a jjowerful element of solid ])oacc and har- mony between the two governments; but there seemed not to bo 'wisdom enough among tlie statesmen of Great Britain for a practical perception of it. The shipping • Journal of Congress, Fchnmry 12, 17«a. The last clause was necessary, because only itreliminarij articles of pence hart boon signod, and tho war nilRht continue. » Tho following was the proposed apportionment : New Ilampphire, $.12,70'' ; MassachuscUs, $224,427 ; Hhorte Island, $32,aiS: Connecticut, iflDi.nni ; New York, $12S,243 ; New .lorspy, tf'^.'l.a.W ; Pennsylv.inia, $20.'i,lS'.); Delaware, $22,443 ; Maryland, $141,517 ; Virginia, $2,')fi,487 : North Carolii.u, $10;),(inr."; South Carolina, $nr),is.3 ; Georgia, $lfi,n3n. ' The resolutions of Congress, and the pi. codings of the several State Legislatures, with remarks thereon by "A Re- publican," wore published in the -Vcic York Gaietker, and afterward in pamphlet form, lu tho aulumu of ItoO, by CarrnU d- Pattirmn, 32 Maiden Lane, New York. 22 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK Dissolution of the Llberiil British Ministry. The new Cabinet. ItH (lisrorduut Klements. Expertntlons of 1 interest, then potential in Parliament, with strange blindness to its own welfare and tliat of the state .'successfully opposed it; and the Liberal Shelburne ministry did not survive the proposition a month. It was dissolved, and, after a ministerial hiattis of several weeks durincr which time faction threatened the peace if not the stability of the throne, a Cabinet was formed of materials the most discordant hitherto. North and Fox, Burke and Cavendish, Portland and Stormont, who had differed widely and debated bitterly on American affiiirs, coalesced, much to the astonishment of the simple, the scandal of political consistency, and the delight of satirists with pen and pencil. > The new Cabinet listened to other counsels than those of the sagacious Pitt, and, in- stead of actinf liberally toward the United States, as friends and political equals, they inaugurated a restrictive commercial policy, and assumed the offensive hauteur of lord and master in the presence of vassals or slaves. Echoing the opinions of the acrimoni- ous Silas Doane, the specious Tory, Joseph Galloway, and Peter Oliver, the refugee Chief Justice of IMassachusetts,^ S^nglish writers and English statesmen made public observations which indicated that they regarded the American League as only alien- ated members of the British reahi . Lord Sheffield, in a formidable pamphlet, gave expression to the views of the Lon ilists and leading British statesmen, and declared his belief that ruin must soon overtake the League, because of the anarchy and confu- ' The political satires and caricatures of the day fnilicate the temper of the people. Of these the wav in America formed the staple subject at the time in question. The conduct of that war, its cessation or continuance, formed the topic of violent del)ate8 in Parliament, caused rancor among politicians, was the basis of new party or- ganizations, and a source of jji-eat anxiety iimong the peo|)le. Amon;,' those who cnii.doyed carica- tures in the controversies Saver and Oillray were the cliicf. The latter soon outstripped all com- petitors, and gave to the world more than twelve liundred caricatures, chiefly political. One of his earliest productions was issued at tlie [leriod in question, in which the original positions of the diflerent leadens of the coalition were exliibit- ed in compartments. In one, "ntitled "War," Fox and Hiirke, in characteristic attitudes, arc seen thundering against the massive Lord North. In another com- ])artnient, called f^z "Neither I'l nor War," the tliree orators are, in the same attitudes, atlacliing the prelimimi- ry Treaty of IVace with the United States. T'nder tliem are tlie words "The Astonishing Coa- lition." Another caricature was called "Tliel.oves of tlie Fox and tlic liadtrcr; or, Tlie Coalition Wed- "■•^"- ding." This jinpular caricature was a burlesque l)ictorial history of the sudilen friendship between Fox and Nortli. Tlie latter was coinmnnly known in political circles as " the badger." In another print Fox and North were represented under one coat, standing on a jicdestal, and called "The Stat" Idol." This the king (who de- tested till' whole afl'air) was expected to worship. In another, the two are seen approaching Uritannia (or the people) to claim her sanction. She rejects them, and their attention is directed to a gallows and block in the distance as their pro])er destination. The coalition tlnally became uniiopular, and Oillray, in a caricature entitled "Britannia Aroused; or. The Coalition Monsters Destroyed," rejireseiits her in a fury, grasjiiiig one of the leaders by the ueck and the (ither liy the leg, and hurling them from her as enemies to liberty. I have cojiied fnmi Wright's Kn- iilaud nndcr the Home nf lUvimer the most forcible portions of the two carica- tures named. . liKiiANNi.v AUors,;i,. = Silas Deaiie had been an active supporter of the American cause, and was sent to France, as an at'ent of the Conti- nental Ccm-ress, early in 177(1. In the autumn of that year he was associated witli Dr. Franklin and ..\"i-lhurl.ce as ciue- missioiiers to the French Court. Deane's unlltness for his station was soon made apparent, and he was recalled at the close of 1777. He went to England at the close of the war, and tliere vented his spleen against bis countrymen Joseph (Jalloway was a Pennsylvanian, who esjioused the reiuiblican cause, and was a member of the tirst Coie'ress in 1774, but soon afterward ahandcmed his c(mntiymen and went to England, lie lirst joiiieu the royal army in New York, iind did not leave the country until 1778. He was a ready writer, and wrote much against the American cause In England, where he died In ]Sn,3. Peter Oliver was past middle life when the Tievolution bioke out. lie was appointed Chief Justice of Massachusetts in 17iW, wlien his brother-in-law, Hutchinson, became governor of that province. He was imjieached by the Massachu- fciis Assembly in 1774, and soon afterward weut to England, where he died In 1791, aged 79 years. OF THE WAR or 1812. 23 Expectations of Hritish Stfttcsmcn. Lord Sheffleld's Pamphlet. British Lc^islntion. Public Dangera. sion in which they were involved in consequence of their independence, lie assumed that the New England States in particular would speedily become penitent suppliants at the foot of the king for pardon and restoration as colonies. lie saw the utter weak- ness and consequent inefficiency of the League as a form of government, and advised his countrymen to consider them of little account as a nation} " If the American states choose to send consuls, receive them, and send a consul to each state. Each slate will soon enter into all necessary regulations with the consul, and this is the whole that is necessary." In other words, the League has no dignity above that of a iiflh-rate power, and the states are still, in fact, only dislocated members of the British Enipire.2 In considering the more remote causes of the War of 181 2, and the final independ- ence of the United States achieved by that war, that pami)hlet of Lord Sheffield, which gave direction to British legislation and bias to the English mind in reference to the American League, may be regarded as a most important one. It was followed by Orders in CounciP by which American vessels were entirely excluded from the British West Indies ; and some of the staple productions of the LTiiited States, such as fish, beef, pork, butter, lard, ct cetera^ were not permitted to be carried there except in Brit- ish bottoms. Tliese orders were continued by tdnporary acts until 1788, when the j)olicy was permanently established as a commercial regulation by act of Parliament. In view of this unfriendly conduct of Great Britain, the General Congress, in the spring of 1784, asked the several states to delegate powers to them for fifteen years, by which they might compel England to be more liberal by countervailing measures of prohibition.* Well would it have been for the people of the young republic had some restrictive measures been ado])ted, whereby British goods could have been kept from their ports, for in a very short time after the peace a most extravagant and ruinous trade with Great Britain was opened. Immense importations were made, and private indebtedness speedily added immensely to tlio evils which the war and an inadequate governmont had brought upon the people. liut the appeal of the Congress was in vain. Tlie states, growing more and more jealous of their individual dignity, would not invest the Congress with any f^uch power; nor would they, even in the face of the danger of having their trade go into the hands of foreigners, make any permanent and uniform arrangements among themselves. Without public credit, with their commerce at the mercy of every adventurer, without respect at home or abroad, the League of States, free without independence, presented the sad spectacle of the elements of a great nation ])aralyzed in the formative process, and the coldness of political death chilling every developing function of its being. Difficulties soon arose between the United States and Great Britain concerning the 1 " It will not 1)0 nn onpy matter," he said (and he no doubt spoke the lanjuase of the KuL'lish people in rreueral), " to briiii; the Anieriean states to art as a nation ; tlieij arr nut la In' feared n.s nuili bii iin. It will be a l')nij time before they can eniiane or will concur in any material expenses. A stamp act, a tea act, or such act that can never af;ain occur, would alone unite them. Their climate, their staples, their manners are difTerent ; their interests oppa«itc ; and that which is benelicial to one is destructive to the other. We mifiht as reasonably dread the cfTects of combiuatione amonir the German as aniont; the American states, and deprecate the resolves of the Diet as those of the Con;;ress. In short, every circumstance proves that it will be extreme folly to enter into any en£;ai;emeiits hii which uv viaii not wish III lie liiiiiiiil hereiiftei: It is impossible to name any material advantasie the American states will or can frive us in return mnre than what we of course shall have. No treaty can be made with the American states that can be bindin;; on the whole of them. The Act of Confederation does not enable C'oniiress to form more than fieneral treaties."— Sui-.kkikld'b Obm'rvationK mi the Ciimmeree nf the A iiierienii Staten, London, 17S;t. 2 The estimation in which the Leamie was held by the Hritish trovernment may be inferred by an inquiry of thcBuke of Dorset, in reply to a letter from Messrs. Adams, Franklin, and Jefferson, on the subject of a commercial treaty, in March, ITS'). Ills fjrace intpiired whether they were commissioned by C'onjj;ress or their respective states, for it ap- |)eared to him that eneh xtate teas ileteniiineil to inatutije itn own viatlerH in itn oirn iMii." It could not be expected that EuL'land would be in haste to form any important commercial relati(ms with a jiovernmeut so uncertiiiu in its charac- ter, for a leaj:ue of independent povernments was liable to dissolution at any moment. ^ July, its;!. The Hritish I'rivy (."ouncil consists of an indetliiite n\nnber of u'cntlemen, chosen by the govcrciirn, and havius; no direct connectiim with the Cabinet ministers. The sovereign may. under the advice of this council, issue orders or iiroclamations, which, if not contrary to exiatiu;,' laws, are biudiug upon the subjects. These arc for tempo- rary purposes, and are called Onlerx in Cnunr.il. * See Journal of Congress, April :!0, 1TS4. 24 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK WeaknesB of the new floverninciit made mnnlfcst. Its DlHHoliitlon thrrntcnetl. ExciiBO for Dissfttlsfnctlon. inexecution of tiie Treaty of Peace, each charging the otlior with infractions of that treaty, or neglect to comply with its requirements. • An open rupture was threatened, and John Adams was sent to England,'^ clothed with the full powers of a •Febnmry24, . • ^^ i'f*5- plenipotentiary, to arrange all matters in dispute. But Mr. Adams could accomplish little. Indeed his mission was almost fruitless IIo found the temper of the British people, from the peasant up to the monarch, cold, if not positively hostile, toward the United States. lie was never insulted^ yet the chilliness of the social atmosphere, and the studied neglect of his official representations, often excited hot indignation in his bosom. But his government was so weak and powerless that he was compelled to bite his lips in silence. When he pvoposed to have the naviga- tion and trade between all the dominions of the Britisii crown and all the territories of the United States placed upon a basis of perfect and liberal rocipiocity, the oifer was not only rejected with scorn, but the minister was given to understand that no other would be entertained by the British government. When he recommended his own government to pass countervailing navigation laws for the benefit of American com- merce, he was met with the fact that it possessed no power to do so. At length, be- lieving his mission to be useless, and the British government steadily refusing to send a minister to the United States, he asked and received permission to return home. Meanwhile matters were growing infinitely worse in the United States. The Con- gress had become absolutely powerless, and almost a by-word among the people. The states had assumed the attitude of sovereign, each for itself; and their interests were too diversified, and in some instances too antagonistic, to allow them to work in har- mony for the general good. The League was on the point of dissolution, and the fair fabric for the dwelling of liberty, reared by Washington and his compatriots, was tot- tering to its fall. The idea of forming two or three distinct confederacies took posses- sion of the public mind. Western North Carolina revolted, and the new State of Franklin,^ formed by the insurgents, endured several months. A portion of South- western Virginia sympathized in the movement. Insurrection against the authorities of Pennsylvania appeared in the Wyoming Valley.^ A Convention deliberated at Port- land on the expediency of erecting the Territory of Maine into an independent statc.^ An armed mob surrounded the Xew Hampshire Legislature, demandini, a remission of taxes f and in Massachusetts, Daniel Shays, who had been a captain in the Continental army, placed himself at the head of a largo body of armed insurgents, and defied the government of that state.'' There Avas resistance to taxation every where, and disre- spect for law became the rule and not the exception. There was reason for this state of things. The exhaustion of the people was great on account of the war, and poverty was widc-sprcal!:!n,()n(i,()no, while the exports thither did not exceed $9,000,000. • Letter to James AVarrcn, October 7, nS5. 2 So early as 17S0, Alexander Hamilton, then only twenty-three years of age, thoroughly analyzed the defects of the Articles of Confederation, in a long .otter to James Dnane, member of Congress from New York. It was dated, "Lib- erty Pole, September ii, liSO." He discussed the subject at great length, gave an outline sketch of a Federal Constitu- tion, and suggested the calling of a C(mventl:t, Hamilton, in a debate in Congress, expressed an earnest desire for a general Convention, and the subject was much talked of among the members of Congress in 17S4. In the same year Thimias Paine and Pelatiah AVebster wrote on that subject. In the spring of 17S4, Noah AA'ebster, the lexicographer, in a pamphlet which he says he " took the pains to carry in pers(m to C.enerai AVashiugtou," suggested a " new system of government, which ' See The Workv of Alexander BamilXm, !., 160. 20 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK t'ouvciitlon of KepieHcntiitlvcH of the States nt Annnpolls nud Phllndcljihln. William Jackson This recommendation had been seriously pondered by thoughtful men throughout the League, but the public authorities were not then ready to adopt it. Washington's proposi»'on for a commercial Convention was favorably received, and in September, the " sc tcmbcr 11 following year,'* five states were represented by delegates in such Conven- ifsB. ' tion, held at Annapolis, in Maryland,' Already a desire had been ex- pressed in many parts of the country for a Convention having a broader field of consid- eration tiian commerce, only one of the elements of a nation's prosperity. So thought and felt members of tho Convention at Annapolis — a Convention that proved a failure in a degree, inasmuch as only five of the thirteen states were represented. They ad- journed after a brief session, first recommending the several states to call another Con- vention in May following; and perform'ng the momentous service of preparing a letter to the General Congress, in which thee; lOCts of the Articles of Confederation were set forth. In February following, the Congress took the proceedings of the Convention into consideration, and recommended a meeting of delegates from the several states, to be held at Philadelphia on the second Monday in the ensuing May ; not, however, for the regulation of commerce, but really for the reconstruction of the national govern- ment.^ On the 4th of July, 17V0, a Congress of representatives of thirteen colonics met in tho great room of the State House in Phila- delphia, since known as Independence Ilall, and declared those colonies free and inde- ])endent states. On Monday, the 14th of May, 1787, a Congress of representatives of the same colonies, then become free and independent states, assembled in the same hall for the i)urpose of establishing the va- lidity and power of that declaration, by dis- solving the inefficient political League of the states, and constituting the inhabitants of all the states one great and indissoluble nation. Tliere were few delegates present on the appointed day of meeting ; and it was not xmtil the 25th that representatives from seven states (the prescribed quorum) ap- peared. Then Washington, a delegate from Virginia, was chosen president of the Convention, and William Jackson secretary.^ On Hhould not, not nn the sttaU/t, hvt dirrethi on indiriduah, and vest in Coni^rcps full power to rnrry its laws into effect." This pamphlet is entitled, "Sketches of American Policy," Thus thinkiii;; men all lamented tho weakness of the gen- eral government, and foresaw the dangers of the doctrine of supreme state sovereignty, which has wrought bo much mischief in our day. • The following are the names of the representatives: A'l »' I'oA;— Alexander Hamilton, Egbert Benson ; XmrJcritep — Abraham Clarke, William C. Houston ; IVnihiijIraiiia — Tenclie C'oxe, James Schureman ; Delaware— George Read, .John Dickinson, Richard Bassett ; r/c,i/"u'a— Edmund Randoljdi, James Madison, Jr., St. George Tucker. 2 This acti(m of the Congress took place tm the '21st of February, 1787. The resolution (which was submitted by the delegates from Massachusetts) was as follows: " Jkxiilved, That in the o])inion of Congress it is expedient that, on the second Monday in May next, a Convention of Delegates, who shall have been appointed by the several states, be held at Philadeli)hia, for the sole and express pur- pose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and rei)()rting to Congress and the several Legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress and contlnned by tho states, render the Federal Constitu- tion adequate to tlie exigencies of govermnent and the ijrescrvation of the I'nion." 3 William Jackson was an eminent jiatiiot, and cnie of Washington's most intimate personal friends. lie entered the Continental army at the age of sixteen years, and served his country faithfully during tlie whole war for indei)end- ence. lie became an aid to the commander-in-chief, with the rank of major. In 17>il he acccmipanied his friend. Colonel John Lciirens, on a diphmiatic riiss; )n to Frame. At the close of the war he visited Kurope, and m\ his re- turn was appointed, on the nomination ui Washington., secretary to the Convention that formed '.he National Constl- W ll.LI.V.M JAOKSOX. OF THE WAR OF 1812. 21 I '■' . William Jnckson mid Kdmuiul Randolph. Membcra of the Convention. Attitude of Rhode Inland. the 28th, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia,' at the request of his colleagues, opened the business of thv. Convention in a carefully considered speech, in which he pointed out the serious defects in the Articles of Coxfcdenttlon, illustrated their utter inadequacy to secure the dignity, peace, and safety of the republic, and asserted the absolute neces- sity of a more energetic government. At the close of bis speech he offered to the Con- vention fifteen resolutions, in wliich were embodied the leading principles whereon to form a new government according to his views. I do not propose to consider in detail, nor even in a synoptical manner, the proceed- ings of that Convention, which occupied several hours each day for four months. I will merely direct attention to the really great men who composed it, and the measures that were adopted, and leave the reader to seek in other sources the interesting infor- mation concerning the events in the daily sessions of that remarkable congress of wise men, whose efforts bore noble fruit for the political sustenance of mankind.^ The venerable Dr. Franklin, then near the close of a long and useful life, was the most conspicuous member of that Convention next to Washington. Thirty-three years before he had elaboi'atod a plan of union for the colonies, to which neither the crown nor the provinces would listen f now he came to revive that plan, with full hope of success. Johnson, Rutledge, and Dickinson had been members of the Stamp-act Con- tutlon. His priviito record of the proceedings and debates is in the hands of his family. lie became the private secretary of President Washington, and accompanied him on his tour through the Southern States in ITiH. lie held the office of surveyor of the port of Philadelphia and inspector of customs there until removed, for iniiitical causes, by Mr. Jefferson. He then started a ilnily newspaper, called "The Political and Commercial Reij- ister." Major Jackson lived a life of unsullied honor, and at his death was buried in Christ Church yard, on Fifth Street, Philadelphia. A plain slab about three feet high marks the spot, and bears the following inscription: "Sacred to the memory of Major William Jackson: born March the inh, t75!>; depart- ed this life l)eceml)er the 17th, 1S2S. Also to Elizabeth Willing, his relict: liorn March the 'JTth, 1708; departed this life August the 6th, 1S5S." Mrs. Jackson was ninety years of age at tlie time of her death. I am indebted to Miss Ann Willing Jackson, daughter of Major Jackson, for the portrait given on the preceding page. It is copied from a miniature in her possession, painted by Trumbull. She also has a silhouette protlle of her father, cut by Mrs. Mayo, of Richmond, Virginia, the mother of the late Mrs. General Winfield Scott. The signature of Secretary Jackson is with those of the other eigners of the Constituti.)n, on page 32. 1 Edmimd Randolijh was a son of an attorney general of Virginia before the Revolution. II2 was an eminent law- yer, and a warm i)atriot throughout the old war for independence. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 177!) until 17S'.>. lie was active in the Convention that formed the Constitution. He was elected (}overnor of Virginia in 17SS, and Washington chose him for his first attorney general of the United States in 178!). He was secretary of state in 17!)4, luit, in consequence of being engaged in an intrigue with the French minister, he retired from public life. He died in I)eceml)er, ISl.'J. " Rhode Island was not represented in the Convention. Ignorant and unprincipled men happened to control the Agseml)ly of the state at that time, and they refused to elect delegates to the Convention. But some of the best and most influential men in Rhode Island joined in sending a letter to the Convention, in which they expressed tlieir cordial sympathy with the objects of the movement, and promised their acquiescence in whatsoever measures the majority might adojjt. The following were the names of the delegates from the several states : A'etr llampKlrire.— John Laugdon, John Pickering, Nicholas Oilman, and Benjamin West. Ma.tsneliv.icttii.—FrMmn Dana, Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, Rufns King, and Caleb Strong. C(mHPc?)(W(?.— William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, and Oliver Ellsworth. Neiii I'wt.— Robert Yates, John Lansing, Jr., and Alexander Hamilton. A't'icJirxi'//.— David Brearley, W'illiam Churchill Houston, William Paterson, John Neilson, William Livingston, Abra- ham Clark, and Jonathan Dayton. /'(/ii(N///i'rt»m.— Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Thomas Fitzsimmons, James Wilson, Gouvcrncnr Morris, and Benjamin Franklin. /A'toicn re— George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, and Jacob Brown. 3/(j)V//f(»i/.— James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas .Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, John Francis Mercer, and Luther Martin. rm/iHiV(.— George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, Jr., George Mason, and George Wythe. Patrick Henry having declined his appointment, James M'Clure was nominated to supply his jdace. Korth (Vin);?')irt.— Richard Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Ricliard Dobbs Spaight, and Willie Jones. Richard Caswell having resigned, William Blount was appointed as deputy in his place. Willie Jones having also declined his appointment, his place was supplied by Hugh Williamson. , Siivtk Carolina.— John Rutledge, Charles Pinckuey, Charles C. Pinckney, and Pierce Butler. fpoTflM.— William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, GeorgeWalton, William Houston, and Nathaniel Pendleton. ' " The Assemblies did not adopt it," said Franklin, " as they all thought there was too much prerogative in it ; and in England it was judged to have too much of the democratic." .lACliSO.N 8 MO.NUMKNT. 28 riCTOHIAL FIELD-BOOK Loading Membcrg of the Convention. Its Objects. Its Proceedings. Qouverueur Morrl». gross in 1705, and tlio last two liad been conij)atrlots of Wasliington in tlic Congress of 1774. Livingston, Sherman, liead, and Wytlio liad sliared tlio same honors. The last two, with Franklin, Sherman, Gerry, Clymer, Morris, and Wilson, had signed the Declaration of Independence. The Continental army was represented by Washington, Mifflin, Charity Cotesworth Pinckney, and Hamilton. The yonnger niend)ers, who had become conspicuous in public life after the Declaration of Independence, were Hamilton, Madison, and Edmund liandolph. The latter was then Governor of Virginia, having suc- ceeded Patrick Ilem-y, the "trumpet of sedition" when the states were British provinces. The Convention was marked by long and warm debates, and with dignity suited to the occasion. The most prominent speakers Avere King, Gerry, and Gorham, of IMassa- chusetts ; Hamilton and Lansing, of Xew York ; Ellsworth, Johnson, and Sherman, of Connecticut; Paterson, of New Jersey ; Franklin, Wilson, and Morris, of Pennsylvania; Dickinson, of Delaware ; 3Iartin, of Maryland ; Randolph, Mason, and Madison, of Vir- ginia; Williamson, of North Carolina, and the Pinckneys, of South Carolina. Such were the men, ali conspicuous in the history of the republic, who assembled for the purpose of laying the broad foundations of a nation. They had scarcely a prece- dent in history for their guide. The great political maxim established by the llevolu- tion was, that the original residence of all human sovereignty is in the teople: it was for these founders of a great state to parcel out from the several commonwealths of which the new nation was composed, so much of their restricted power as the peo- ple of the several states should be willing to dismiss from their local political insti- tutions, in making a strong and harmonious republic that should be at the same time harmless toward reserved state rights. This was the great problem tb bo solved. "At that time," says a recent writer, " the world had witnessed no such spectacle as that of the deputies of a nation, chosen by the free action of great communities, and assembled for the purpose of thoroughly reforming its Constitution, by the exercise and with the authority of the national will. All that had been done, both in ancient and in modern times, in forming, moulding, or modifying constitutions of government, bore little re- semblance to the present undertaking of the states of America. Neither amon"- the Greeks nor the Ilomans was there a precedent, and scarcely an analogy."^ Randolph suggested the chief business of the Convention in his proposition "that a XATiONAL government ought to be established, consisting of a supremo legislative ex- ecutive, and judiciary." Upon this broad proposition all future action was based • and they had not proceeded far before it was clearly perceived that the Articles of Confed- eration were too radically defective to be the basis of a stable government. Therefore instead of trying to amend them, the Convention went diligently at work to form an entirely new Constitution. In this they made slow progress, opinions were so conflicting. Plans and amendments were offered, and freely discussed. Dav after day, and week after week, the debates contin- ued, sometimes with great courtesy, and sometimes with great acrimony, until the 10th of September, M-hen all plans and amendments which had been adopted by the Convention were placed in the hands of a committee for revision and arrangement. ^ 13 v 1 Curtis's niHtonj of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Consti- tution of the Cniteil Statex. a This committee, npi)ointcd on the Sth, consisted of Messrs. Mndlson, Ilamiltou, Kinjr, Jolinsou, nnd Gouvcrueur Morris. They were directed to " revii-e the stylo of, and iirran!;e, the nrticlcs HKrccd to by tlic House." They placed the matter in the hands of Oouvcrneur Morris for the jmr- pose. In language and general arrangement, the National Constitntlon was the work of that eminent man.* • Gouverneur Morris was born near the Westchester shore of the Harlem River, New York, at the close of Januarv 1T62. He was educated at King's (uow Columbia) College, in the city of New York, studied law under the emiueui signing the Consti this committc consideved cl the 15th it w.' copy oji parcl far more impt ence, eleven y In the perf( part of a few. — so serious t utter failure, adopted, and bers wished it ively, but witl desire of Dr. and bring abo Morris, that il words : " Dom scribed," etc. Hamilton p; ment did not 1 government, own ; but is it the chance of i The appeals secured the s Mason and Ht tion.^ While occupied by \) have often and fears as to its whether it wai rising sun." The Conveni the new Const William Smith, of tl the Continental Coi on a diplomatic niii Anally ai)polntod ni Senate of the Unltei > For a full accoui tinn, and Adojttion oi in two volumes : Nc = George Mason v those of h's associa was active in the C( Virginians nave alw state sovereignty— t Patrick Henry, he c ment for convertini autumnofl7!>2, at tl 3 We shall have United States in ISl < The names of tl are given in our fa( partment at Washii York (Yates and L ofUcially rcprcsentc portant, and in the ilton, of New Ycn'k. This is owing to th would have done. '. I' I OF THE WAll OF 1812. 29 Mt'iilii!,' the ConBtltutlon. Ileeltntlon on the pnrt of some. Pntrlotlc CourBO cf Frnnkllii, Ilnmllton, nnd other*. tliis committee a Constitution was reported to the Convention. It was taken up and considevod clause by clause, discussed, slightly amended, and then engrossed. On the loth it was agreed to by the delegates of all the states present. On the 17th a fair copy on parchment was brought in to receive the signatures of the members — an act far more important in all its bearings than the signing of the Declaration of Independ- ence, eleven years before.' In the performance of that act, as in the former, there was some liesitation on the part of a few. There had been serious diti'erences of opinion during the whole session — so serious that at times there seemed a probability that the Convention would be an utter failure. There were still serious differences of opinion when the instrument was iidopted, and delicate questions arose about signing it. A large majority of the mem- bers wished it to go forth to the people, not only as the act of the Convention collect- ively, but with the individual sanction and signature of eacii delegate. This was the desire of Dr. Franklin, and, with pleasant words, he endeavored to allay all irritation and bring about such a result. It was finally agreed, on the suggestion of Gouverncur Morris, that it might bo signed, without implying personal sanction, in these closing words : " Done by consent of the states present. In testimony whereof, we have sub- scribed," etc. Hamilton patriotically seconded the efforts of Franklin, notwithstanding the instru- ment did not have his approval, because it did not give power enough to the national government. " No man's ideas," lie said, " are more remote from the plan than my own ; but is it possible to deliberate between anarchy and confusion on one side, and the chance of good on the other?" The appeals of Franklin and Hamilton, and the example of Madison and Pinckney, secured the signatures of several dissatisfied members ; and all present, excepting Mason and Randolph, of Virginia,^ and Gerry, of Massachusetts,^ signed the Constitu- tion."* "While this important work was in progress, Franklin looked toward the chair occupied by Washington, at the back of which a sun was painted, and observed, " I have often and often, in the course of the session, and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue, looked at that sun behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising sun." The Convention, by a carefully worded resolution, recommended the Congress to lay the new Constitution before the j^eople (not the states), and ask them, the source of all William Smith, of thiit city, and was liccnsccl to prnctice In 1771. He was an active patriot during the war, scrvina: '" the Continental Conjfrcss, on committees of safety, etc. lie resided some time in Philadelphia. JIc was sent abroad Qii a diplomatic mission, and resided for n while in Paris. lie afterward wont to London on imblic business, and was finally ai)i)ointed minister plenipotentiary at the French Court. He returned to America in liUS, was elected to the Senate of the United States, and was active in public and private life until his death in I'^IC. > For a full account in detail of all the proceedings in relation to the Constitution, see the Ilixlorii of the Orvtiii, Forma- tioti, and A
  • 2>tion of the ConntitulUm of the United Utati'S, with Sotices of its Principal Fravicrs, by George Tickuor Curtis, In two volumes; New York, Harper & Brothers. - (Jeorge Mason was Washington's neighbor and early personal friend. lie was a statesman of the first order among those of h's associates in Virginia, and a thorough republican. He was the franier of the Constitution of Virginia, and was active in the Convention that formed the National Constitution. He was so imbued with the state pride for which Virginians nave always been noted, that he would not agree to that Constitution because it did not recognize individual state sovereignty— the very rock on which the new republic was then in danger of being wrecked. In conjunction with Patrick Henry, he opposed its adopti FIRLD-HOOK I t SlKiiiUnrvH to (atlonnl Cunitltutlon. H Roaolntlonii Mat to 1 sovcreiffiity^ to H CongrosH voro ■ '■'■ ItcsoU^cd u H with tho rusolii • Q. ^ — v^> ^y/-^ ^ I -^.-<-'^- ^^^ OF THE WAll OF 18 12. 31 RoRotutinnit Hont to the ^Unte LoKliilnturei. HlitniitiircH to tlio NatlonnI CoiiHtllntInu, sovereif/iiti/, to ratify or njuct it. Tlio views of tho grout majority of tlie inutnbcrii of CoiigrcsH M't'ro coiicurreiit, mid on tho 'JHtii of Soptoiiibur tliat bocly '•'■ licnolrcd ii/HUiiinoi/sli/, Thiii tiic Haiil roport [of lliu Convotitioii to tlie Congress], with tho rosohitions and lottors aocornjianying tho same, bo transmitted to tlio sovoral (i/(Ztn^ "//^ ci^ h^^9i^^&in '^PT^X^ t/ftCLxO-^fft^ .12 PICTOUIAL FIF.LD.BOOK t'onvpntlonn of the I'poplo. 'J'liu Fctliinilldt. BlBtinttirP)! to thn Nntlnnal Cunitltatlon. Logislattiri'M, in order /<> he Hiifunittcd to i fri/tifcn r/iomn in each state itv TiiK I'Koi'i.K TiiKiJKoF, in coiilbnijity to tlic resolvos of the Convention made and |irovidod in that case." Conventions oH\w pvopfr wore accordinp;Iy held in iho several states to consider the Constitution. Long and stirriiif? debates oeenrred in these Conventions, and at every puhlio patherincf and private hearth-stone in the land. Hainiiton, Madison, Jay, and others led the public understanding with able essays on government and in favor of the now Constitution.' Tliat instrument was read and discussed every where. But it ^y^^ ^J)cM) t^£v^^ Y^/^Oyr-^ //7)X BIQNATrRES TO TIFE CONSTITUTION, 1 The essays of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were published under the ccncral title of The Feileram. It was orir-in- ally desipneu to comi)nsc the series wittiin twenty, or, at most, twenty-live numbers, hut thev extended t^A L OF TIIK WAU OF 1812. 33 ItAtlflditliin of III)' I'liiiMlttttlon. Oppnilllon ti) it. The fhmlljr nnd ntnle Prido of the Vlrifliiltinn. w.'iH iiiiio inoiitliH after its ndopfion hy llio Convoiition, bd'oro the j)coplo of iiiiio states nitific'l it. — lliiil. iimiiltcr bfiiiix ncccssiiry to inako it, tlic ortiiinic, I:iw ottlu! laml. That iiintii state was Ni'W lliimipsliiif, ami tlic moiiM-iitoiis act oftlu! people oceiirretl on the •J I St of .F lino, 178W. The (Jeneral Congress was then in session, nnd, on tho 2d of . Inly, adopted measures " lor piittiiit? the said ('oiistitution into operation." They appointed tli(5 lirst Wednesday of the ensniiii,' Mareh as the day wlieii the functions oftiie new jrrovortuuciit sliould eoninieiice their action. Tiie people in the states that h.'id ratitied tho C'onstitution chose their presidential electors in eoniplianco with its provisions. Thcso met on the lirst We(Inesday in Feltruary, 17)^!), and electe That Htate wan Hhode Island, which held ont tmtil the pprlng of Uno. The people In tho fpveral states ratitied tho ('onslltution in the followlni; order: /)'7i(»v(n', December 7, Ks' ; Pennsylvania, December 1'.', I'sT; New .Fersey, De- rcml)er 1"^, 17>T; (ieor^'la, .lannary '.', 17ss; Connectii'nt, .lannary D, 17-*^; Miissachnsetts, Kebrnary (1, 17ss; Maryland, April 'JS, 17'^-<; Scmtli Carolina, May 'J:i, H-^-*; New Hampshire, .Tune 'Jl, 17>'H; Virj;lnla, .Inne 'M, 17-i'*; New York, .Inly •J(l, 17SS; North Carolina, November '.'1, 17-^^; Ithode Island. May '.'!", 1 7!iO. Dnrlni,' the recess of Con>:ress, In ilie an- tumn of 17VI, rresident WashuiKtoii visited tho New Kn^lmul States, Ah Khodc Island yet remained ii kind of forei^jn state, he avoided it. a The Constltntion was violently nRBnUod by tho "Stfttn nights" or state Hovcrclgnty men— men who roRarded nlle- ^dance to a stale as paramonnt to that due to the national trovernment. Their chief (dijectioii wa.s that It destroved (as it was intended to do) the alleired soverelirnty of the several states, and .-nnstituted a consolidated inition. In Virginia, especially, snch a result was looked upon by the prond aristocracy wllh great disfavor. Virginia was then tho rnling state in th(^ I.eagne, ami her ixdltlcal power was swayed by a few families. These were exceedingly proud, and, down to tlie breaking out of the war for independence, they looked with disdain upon the ))eople of the other colonies.' This fi^ellng was somewhat modllled by the ojieratlons of the war, and new men were found at tho holm of tho vessel of state. Yet much of the old pride remained, and the leading Vlru'lnlans, with a few honorable exceptions, could not hear the lliouglit ofliavini; the ''Old Doiiiliiion," as they were proud to call the commonwealth, strijiped of her independent sovereignty. Tlie iicw leaders seized upon this dominant state pride and made it subservient to their wishes, Patrick Henry violently denonnied the Constitulion because of Its destructive efl'ects npoii state sovereignty, lie clearly under- stood its character when, wllh a loud voice, in tlie Vlririiiia Convention, he demanded, "Who authorized the Convention to speak the lamjunL'e 'IKi', tin- pmpl;' Instead of 'UV, thf KUiteif Even from that illustrlons man who saved us by his valor, I would have a reason for bis conduct," (Jeorge Mason. In the same Convention, denonnced the Constitution he- cause, as he asserted, it "changed the eonfedcrntlon of states into ii consolidation, and would annihilate the state gov- ernments." The opposition In several other states was very powerful, for various reasons, and tho Constitution and tho friends of llie C'onstitutioii were assailed with the most outrage(ms mlsrepreseuiations. Of the oiipononts in Virginia Washington wrote: "Their strenutb, as well as those of the same class In other states, seems to lie In misrepresentation, and a desire to Inllamc the passions nnd alarm the fears by noisy declamation, rather than to convli.'o the understanding tiy sound :irgunionts, or fairand Impartial statements, Rallied in their attacks upon the Constitution, they have attempted to vil- ify and debase the characters who formed it, but I trust they will not succeed," The papers, by Colonel li-rd (who was a member of the Colonial Council), above referred to, afford n glimpse of the sen.se of superiority to all the otiier colonists entertained by the leading families in Virj^inia, which was always the bane of proirress and national fec'liuL', and made large numbers of the politicians of that stfce disanlonists from the be- ginning. In these pi'iiers the New Eiiglanders were siioken of as "a pnrilanicnl sect, with pbarlsaloa! pecnllarities in lliclr worship and behavior," Trade was an nntit ciilling, and n trade eluding laws, though prononnced void, was justly resiarded as demoralizing. Such, they charged, was much of the trade of the Eastern provinces. The dwellers oi^New York had not luore favor. The Dutch were also traders— a "sllpi)ery people"— intruders on Virginia— encroachers nnd reformers. New .Tersey. in a religious aspect, was not less obnoxious, peopled by "a swarm of Scots Quakers, who were not tolerated to exercise the gifts of the spirit in their own country ;" by " Anabaptists," too, and some " Swedes," The merits of Penn were eijuivocal— he was not immaculate; but, th(mgh "Quakers had lh)cked to Pennsylvonin in shonls," they had the virtues of " dilligeuce and frugality," and the "prudence" which became non-combatantg. Mary- * See Byrd's WcMovcr Pap-rs. c U4 I'K'TOHIAL KIKLD-MOOK UlMnlulInn nf the Cnnllnrntiil Cimifrcp'o. ItM ciiiiriii'itT, iiimI that of thu now Uuveramaat. Willi llic liirtli ofllii! iiali(tM on tlio Itli of Man'li, I7H(>, tln> ('(Hitiiiontnl Conpi'i'M, tlic rt'iircsontulivo of (lie Lrii;;ii(', rx|iiri'(l. Its liisioiy Ih one of llio iiiohI riiiiurkablu oil rcconl. It was tirxt an almost Npontanootis gatlu'iiMt; of patriotic nirn, clioHon by llieir fi'JIow-cilizcnH in a limo of j^rcat i)(M|>lcxity, to consnlt npon the |>iil»li(' jjooil. 'I'lioy ii'iHcsonlc'd ditViM-cnl |iro\inc('s cxtciitiinLT a thousand miles alony tlu' Atlantic coast, uilh intt'icsts as divcrsilicd as thu climato and j^t'ojiraphy. Willi hol.incss ni\- ('(|iinlcMl and faith tinoxamplo*!, they wnatchod tho Hccptro of rule over a vast dominion from imperial Knyland, of whose monarch they were snhjeets, aiitiiiiliilli>nM oroovcriiniont litlil hy thu IVopIp, Tlii*y ( i|>ri'|ii'iiil itir Viiliip nftho Urvni WllilcrncM. J**** CIIAITFJl II. " old biirliil-pliici'K, oiu'f Hiirrcd, aro pliiiidcrrd, Anil thickly with Iidih'h I« the fiilli)sv Held Htrowni Till' liiiiid of loiifidiTiitr tillM'H hiiH hri'ii mmdi'icd— Tin' liiiii; ciiimill liall of tlii' hriivc Kvcrtliinwii. Till' Sue and Mland biiwiiii'ii no loii^cr l'iT!